The Pivotal Role of Human Resources in Workplace Health and Safety Management

In contemporary organizational contexts, prioritizing employee health and safety is paramount for operational efficiency, legal compliance, and fostering a positive organizational culture. This necessitates a strategic and multifaceted approach, with Human Resources (HR) departments assuming a central role in orchestrating and implementing comprehensive workplace health and safety (WHS) management systems. This article explores the multifaceted contributions of HR in establishing and maintaining a safe and healthy work environment, leveraging relevant theoretical frameworks such as the Health and Safety Executive’s (HSE) model of hierarchy of controls and the principles of organizational behavior modification. Key concepts include risk assessment, hazard control, and proactive safety culture development.

1. Strategic Leadership and Regulatory Compliance: HR spearheads the development and implementation of a robust WHS management system. This involves establishing a clear policy framework, ensuring compliance with all relevant legislation and standards (e.g., OSHA, ISO 45001), and embedding a strong safety culture through leadership commitment and visible demonstrations of prioritization. This aligns with the concept of transformational leadership, where leaders inspire and motivate employees to embrace safety as a core value.

2. Proactive Risk Assessment and Hazard Control: Utilizing principles of risk assessment and the HSE’s hierarchy of controls, HR facilitates the systematic identification, evaluation, and mitigation of workplace hazards. This involves conducting regular workplace inspections, employing techniques such as Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) and Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), and implementing appropriate control measures, starting with elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls, and finally, personal protective equipment (PPE) as a last resort. This proactive approach minimizes potential risks before incidents can occur.

3. Comprehensive Training and Development: HR designs and delivers comprehensive WHS training programs tailored to the specific needs of different employee groups and roles. These programs leverage adult learning principles and incorporate diverse training methodologies (e.g., online modules, workshops, on-the-job training) to ensure effective knowledge transfer and skill development. This contributes to enhanced employee competency and fosters a culture of safety awareness.

4. Effective Incident Management and Investigation: When incidents occur, HR plays a critical role in managing the immediate response, conducting thorough investigations using root cause analysis techniques (e.g., 5 Whys, Fishbone diagram), and implementing corrective actions to prevent recurrence. This systematic approach ensures that lessons are learned and incorporated into continuous improvement strategies, minimizing the likelihood of future incidents. This process adheres to principles of continuous quality improvement (CQI).

5. Transparent Communication and Stakeholder Engagement: HR establishes effective communication channels to disseminate WHS information to all stakeholders, including employees, management, and external partners. This includes utilizing various communication media (e.g., intranet, newsletters, meetings) to share updates on policies, procedures, and performance data. Open communication fosters a climate of trust and encourages proactive participation in safety initiatives.

6. Data-Driven Performance Monitoring and Improvement: HR collects, analyzes, and reports on key WHS performance indicators (KPIs), such as incident rates, near-misses, and employee feedback. This data-driven approach enables the identification of trends, areas for improvement, and the effectiveness of implemented interventions. The use of data analytics promotes evidence-based decision-making and continuous refinement of the WHS management system.

7. Ergonomics and Workplace Design: HR collaborates with occupational health professionals and facility management to optimize workplace design, promoting ergonomics and preventing musculoskeletal disorders. This involves ensuring appropriate workstation setup, providing ergonomic assessments, and recommending modifications to equipment or processes to minimize physical strain on employees. The focus on ergonomics minimizes health risks and enhances employee well-being.

8. Promoting Employee Wellness and Well-being: HR actively promotes employee health and well-being through the implementation of holistic wellness programs encompassing physical, mental, and social aspects. This might include offering employee assistance programs (EAPs), health screenings, fitness initiatives, stress management workshops, and promoting work-life balance. This approach contributes to a positive work environment and increased employee engagement.

9. Consistent Policy Enforcement and Disciplinary Action: HR ensures that WHS policies are consistently enforced, addressing any violations promptly and fairly. This includes implementing appropriate disciplinary actions when necessary, while ensuring due process and procedural fairness. This demonstrates a firm commitment to safety and sends a clear message that compliance is non-negotiable.

10. Environmental Sustainability Integration: HR incorporates environmental sustainability principles into WHS practices, promoting environmentally responsible behaviors and minimizing the organization’s ecological footprint. This involves implementing waste reduction strategies, energy efficiency initiatives, and promoting sustainable procurement practices. This demonstrates corporate social responsibility and aligns with broader sustainability goals.

11. Return-to-Work Programs and Employee Support: HR plays a vital role in supporting employees recovering from injury or illness through the implementation of effective return-to-work programs. These programs involve collaboration with healthcare professionals, providing modified duties, and ensuring a safe and supportive transition back into the workplace. This commitment to employee care enhances loyalty and reduces the long-term impact of workplace incidents.

12. Continuous Monitoring, Auditing and Improvement: HR conducts regular audits and reviews of the WHS management system to identify areas for improvement and ensure ongoing compliance. This includes evaluating the effectiveness of training programs, incident investigation processes, and risk management strategies. A commitment to continuous improvement enhances the effectiveness and long-term sustainability of WHS efforts.

13. Collaborative Management and Resource Allocation: HR collaborates effectively with management to secure the necessary resources for WHS initiatives, advocate for budget allocations, and integrate WHS considerations into business planning and decision-making processes. This collaborative approach ensures that WHS receives appropriate support and is integrated into the organization’s overall strategic goals.

14. Employee Feedback Mechanisms and Continuous Improvement: HR establishes robust mechanisms for gathering employee feedback on WHS matters, using methods like surveys, suggestion boxes, and safety committees. This input is utilized to continuously improve the WHS system, ensuring that it remains relevant, effective, and aligned with employee needs and concerns. This promotes a culture of continuous feedback and improvement.

Conclusions and Recommendations:

In conclusion, HR’s contribution to workplace health and safety is indispensable for creating a safe, productive, and legally compliant work environment. The integration of proactive risk management strategies, comprehensive training programs, robust incident management systems, and consistent policy enforcement significantly reduces workplace hazards and promotes employee well-being. Further research should explore the effectiveness of different WHS interventions across diverse organizational contexts and industries, focusing on the development of more robust metrics for evaluating the return on investment (ROI) of WHS initiatives. Organizations should prioritize investing in technology and resources to support data-driven decision-making in WHS management. Furthermore, fostering a culture of open communication and employee engagement is critical for building a sustainable safety culture. The effectiveness of safety initiatives hinges upon leadership commitment, employee empowerment, and a commitment to continuous improvement.

Reader Pool: What are the most significant challenges your organization faces in effectively integrating WHS into its overall business strategy, and what innovative solutions could be implemented to overcome these challenges?

The Strategic Role of Human Resources in Workplace Conflict Management

Workplace conflict, encompassing disagreements, personality clashes, and differing opinions on operational procedures, is an unavoidable aspect of organizational life. This article examines the crucial strategic role of Human Resources (HR) in mitigating, mediating, and resolving such conflicts, leveraging established conflict resolution theories and models to illustrate best practices and demonstrate their practical application within diverse organizational contexts.

Key Concepts: This analysis utilizes several key concepts: Conflict Management Styles (e.g., collaborating, compromising, avoiding, competing, accommodating), Organizational Justice Theory (emphasizing fairness in procedures, outcomes, and interactions), Social Exchange Theory (which posits that relationships are built on reciprocal exchanges), and the Principle of Distributive Justice (fair allocation of resources and rewards). These concepts provide a framework for understanding and effectively addressing workplace conflicts.

1. Proactive Conflict Prevention: Cultivating a Positive Organizational Culture: HR’s proactive role starts with fostering a positive and inclusive organizational culture. By implementing strategies promoting open communication, respectful interactions, and clear expectations, HR preemptively reduces the likelihood of conflict arising. This aligns with the Social Exchange Theory, building trust and mutual respect as the foundation for positive interactions.

2. Establishing Formal Conflict Resolution Mechanisms: HR is responsible for developing and implementing comprehensive conflict resolution policies and procedures. These formal mechanisms must be clearly communicated to all employees, outlining steps for reporting conflicts, escalation protocols, and the associated timelines. This structured approach ensures consistency and fairness, aligning with the principles of Organizational Justice Theory, specifically procedural justice.

3. Neutral Mediation and Facilitation: HR professionals act as neutral third parties in mediating conflicts, guiding disputing parties toward mutually acceptable solutions. Using active listening and conflict resolution techniques, they facilitate open communication and help identify shared interests, fostering collaborative problem-solving that resonates with the collaborating conflict management style.

4. Comprehensive Conflict Management Training: Equipping employees with conflict resolution skills is critical. HR delivers training programs focused on effective communication, active listening, empathy, and conflict management strategies. This empowers employees to address minor disagreements independently, minimizing the need for formal intervention. Such training increases the likelihood that individuals will adopt more constructive conflict management styles, such as compromising and collaborating.

5. Ensuring Fairness and Impartiality in Conflict Resolution: HR must maintain objectivity and impartiality throughout the conflict resolution process. Adherence to established procedures, thorough investigation of all claims, and equitable decision-making are paramount. This ensures the perception and reality of distributive justice, fostering trust and buy-in from all parties involved. This directly addresses concerns related to organizational justice, ensuring perceptions of fairness in outcomes.

6. Timely Intervention and Escalation Management: Prompt identification and intervention are crucial in preventing escalation. HR uses a tiered approach, addressing minor conflicts at the team or individual levels while escalating more complex disputes to senior management or external mediators when necessary. Timely intervention minimizes the negative impact on productivity, morale, and the overall organizational climate.

7. Comprehensive Documentation and Data Analysis: HR meticulously documents all conflict resolution cases, analyzing trends and patterns to identify recurring issues or underlying systemic problems. This data-driven approach allows HR to tailor preventative measures and refine existing policies and procedures based on empirical evidence. This informs future conflict prevention strategies.

8. Promoting Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DE&I): HR plays a critical role in ensuring that workplace conflicts are not rooted in biases or discrimination. By actively promoting DE&I, HR fosters an inclusive environment where all employees feel valued and respected, reducing the likelihood of conflicts stemming from prejudice or unequal treatment.

9. Supporting Employee Well-being: Conflicts can significantly impact employee well-being. HR provides access to employee assistance programs (EAPs), mental health resources, and counseling services to help employees cope with the emotional toll of workplace conflicts. This demonstrates a commitment to employee well-being and strengthens organizational trust.

10. Strategic Cost Management: Effective conflict management significantly reduces organizational costs associated with absenteeism, reduced productivity, legal fees, and reputational damage. By preventing and resolving conflicts efficiently, HR contributes to the organization’s financial health.

11. Building High-Performing Teams: Successfully navigating conflicts can strengthen team cohesion and collaboration. By fostering open dialogue and promoting problem-solving, HR helps transform conflicts into opportunities for team growth and development, leading to improved team performance and productivity.

12. Leadership Development and Coaching: HR invests in leadership training programs equipping managers with the skills to effectively manage and resolve conflicts within their teams. This proactive approach develops a skilled leadership corps that can proactively address conflict, fostering a culture of constructive engagement.

Conclusions and Recommendations: Effective conflict management is not merely a reactive function; it is a strategic imperative crucial for organizational success. HR’s proactive approach, leveraging theories such as Social Exchange Theory and Organizational Justice Theory, creates a foundation for a positive and productive work environment. Further research should explore the impact of specific conflict management styles on organizational outcomes and the effectiveness of different training interventions in various organizational contexts. HR departments should continuously assess and refine their conflict management strategies, utilizing data analysis to understand trends and improve effectiveness. A commitment to justice, fairness, and employee well-being is essential for building a sustainable and thriving organizational culture.

Reader Pool: How can HR professionals best leverage technology and data analytics to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of workplace conflict management processes?

Mastering Delegation: A Strategic Approach to Empowering Teams and Achieving Exceptional Outcomes

Effective delegation, far exceeding mere task allocation, constitutes a cornerstone of exemplary leadership and is integral to achieving organizational excellence in human resource management. This article delves into the strategic nuances of delegation, illuminating its transformative potential in unlocking team potential and fostering a high-performance culture. We will explore the application of relevant organizational behavior theories and models to illuminate best practices.

Successful delegation necessitates a meticulously planned and executed collaborative process. This strategic orchestration leverages individual strengths, aligning them harmoniously to achieve shared objectives. Let’s examine the key components, drawing on principles of organizational behavior and leadership development.

1. Establishing SMART Objectives and Contextual Alignment: Building a Shared Vision

Prior to task assignment, precise, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) objectives must be defined (Locke & Latham, Goal-Setting Theory). Crucially, the broader organizational context—the “big picture”—must be clearly articulated. This ensures team members comprehend their individual roles’ contribution to overarching strategic goals. This shared understanding fosters a sense of collective purpose and ownership, thereby driving commitment and engagement. This aligns with the concept of organizational commitment, demonstrating the importance of employees understanding how their work contributes to the larger organizational mission.

2. Strategic Team Member Selection: Optimizing Talent Allocation

Effective delegation necessitates a thorough assessment of team members’ skills, experience, and aptitudes. This process mirrors the principles of resource allocation in project management, matching individual capabilities to specific task requirements for optimal efficiency. The application of skills inventories and competency assessments enhances this process, ensuring the right individuals are assigned to tasks that best leverage their strengths. This aligns with the principles of human capital management and maximizing individual potential.

3. Empowering Through Resource Provision and Ongoing Support: Fostering Success

Successful task completion relies heavily on providing comprehensive resources. This encompasses targeted training programs, access to necessary tools and technologies, relevant informational resources, and consistent support. This proactive approach empowers team members, minimizes frustration, and cultivates a culture of continuous improvement, thereby maximizing both individual and team productivity. This directly applies to the concepts of employee empowerment and organizational support, indicating the importance of providing the necessary environment for success.

4. Cultivating Trust and Psychological Empowerment: Delegation’s Cornerstone

Trust forms the bedrock of effective delegation. Micromanagement is antithetical to this process; instead, autonomy and decision-making authority should be granted within defined parameters. This approach fosters a climate of psychological empowerment (Spreitzer, 1995), which directly boosts responsibility and accountability. This increases confidence and competency, ultimately improving both individual and team performance. This demonstrates the importance of trust as a leadership competency in the context of delegation.

5. Fostering Growth and Development: A Reciprocal Advantage

Delegation offers unparalleled opportunities for team member development. Assigning challenging tasks promotes skill enhancement and professional growth. This approach is aligned with the principles of experiential learning and employee development. The mutual benefit is a strengthening of both the individual and the organization’s overall competencies, thereby enhancing organizational capability. This supports the concept of talent development and succession planning.

6. Leveraging Diversity and Inclusion: Harnessing Collective Strengths

Effective delegation recognizes and leverages the diverse strengths and perspectives within the team. Task assignment based on individual expertise fosters inclusivity, maximizing the collective potential. This approach creates a vibrant, collaborative, and high-performing work environment characterized by value and respect for all team members. This demonstrates the organizational benefits of diversity and inclusion, aligning with contemporary best practices in talent management.

7. Optimizing Time Management: Strategic Resource Allocation

Delegation serves as a potent time management tool for leaders. Strategically delegating tasks frees up valuable time to focus on high-level strategic planning, critical decision-making, and essential leadership responsibilities. This enhances both individual and organizational efficiency and effectiveness. This directly impacts leadership effectiveness and productivity by enabling leaders to focus on strategic objectives.

8. Maintaining Open Communication: The Feedback Loop’s Importance

Consistent and transparent communication is paramount for successful delegation. Regular check-ins, support provisions, constructive feedback, and open dialogue create a robust feedback loop. This ensures all team members remain on track and learn from the process continuously. This emphasizes the crucial role of communication in successful teamwork and project management.

9. Recognizing and Rewarding Achievements: Cultivating a Culture of Appreciation

Acknowledging and celebrating team accomplishments is crucial. Recognition and appreciation boost morale, reinforce positive behaviors, and encourage continued excellence. This fosters a positive and highly motivating work environment that increases job satisfaction and enhances performance. This demonstrates the importance of reinforcement theory in promoting desired behaviors and strengthening organizational culture.

10. Measuring Results and Identifying Areas for Improvement: Continuous Enhancement

Establishing clear metrics for measuring delegated task success is essential. Regular progress evaluation, coupled with the identification of areas needing improvement, enables targeted coaching and facilitates continuous growth and process refinement. This data-driven approach ensures continuous optimization and improvement. This is an application of performance management principles, ensuring accountability and facilitating continuous process improvement.

11. Continuous Reflection and Adaptive Leadership: Refining Delegation Strategies

The art of delegation is an iterative learning process. Regular reflection on delegation strategies, lessons learned from past experiences, and adaptations based on evolving team needs and the dynamic business environment ensure ongoing improvement and relevance. This embodies the concept of adaptive leadership, which highlights the importance of adjusting strategies based on evolving circumstances.

12. Leading by Example: Modeling Effective Delegation

Effective delegation starts with leadership. Leaders should exemplify trust and confidence in their teams by consistently delegating tasks, both large and small. This establishes a positive precedent, fostering a delegation-centric culture throughout the organization. This is a crucial demonstration of leadership, setting the tone for organizational behavior and practice.

13. Achieving Exceptional Outcomes: The Power of Collaborative Leadership

Effective delegation unlocks exceptional results. Empowering teams, fostering collaboration, and leveraging diverse strengths cultivate high-performing, innovative, and highly successful organizations. This collaborative leadership approach maximizes both individual and collective potential. This demonstrates the synergistic effects of effective delegation, leading to enhanced organizational performance and achieving strategic goals.

Delegation is an indispensable leadership competency. We encourage the sharing of experiences and insights to foster a continued dialogue on the art of effective delegation and its transformative impact on organizational success and achievement of strategic goals.

Conclusions and Recommendations

This analysis demonstrates that effective delegation is not merely a task-allocation strategy, but a multifaceted leadership approach crucial for achieving organizational success. The application of relevant organizational behavior theories, such as Goal-Setting Theory, reinforcement theory, and concepts of psychological empowerment, illuminates best practices for successful delegation. Organizations should implement comprehensive training programs focusing on delegation skills for leaders and managers, incorporating ongoing assessment and feedback mechanisms. Further research should explore the impact of different delegation styles on employee engagement, motivation, and overall organizational performance, considering the influence of organizational culture and contextual factors.

The impact of effective delegation is significant, leading to increased team productivity, improved employee engagement, accelerated skill development, and the achievement of organizational strategic objectives. The applicability extends across various organizational contexts and levels, impacting leadership effectiveness, resource allocation, and talent management. Future research should focus on developing more sophisticated models of delegation effectiveness, taking into account the complexities of diverse organizational settings.

Reader Pool:

Considering the presented framework, what strategies could organizations implement to foster a culture of effective delegation and overcome potential barriers such as resistance to change or lack of trust?

Forging a Winning Employer Brand: A Strategic HR Imperative

In today’s fiercely competitive talent market, securing and retaining high-potential employees is paramount to organizational success. A robust employer brand represents a critical strategic asset, significantly influencing an organization’s capacity to attract, engage, and retain top talent. This necessitates a strategic shift from traditional recruitment paradigms towards a holistic approach that cultivates a compelling and desirable workplace identity. This approach aligns with the resource-based view, which posits that intangible assets, such as a strong employer brand, contribute significantly to a firm’s sustainable competitive advantage.

An employer brand extends beyond simple marketing; it embodies the collective perception of an organization as a desirable place of employment. This perception, shaped by both existing and prospective employees, encompasses organizational culture, values, reputation, and employee experiences. It directly impacts recruitment effectiveness, employee retention rates, and overall organizational performance. A potent employer brand functions as a strategic resource, fostering a sustainable competitive edge. This is further reinforced by signaling theory, which suggests that a strong EVP signals to potential employees the quality of the organization.

For HR professionals, cultivating and nurturing a compelling employer brand is not merely a tactical function, but a strategic imperative. The following strategies provide a framework for achieving this critical organizational objective, structured for optimal logical flow and comprehension:

1. Define a Robust Employee Value Proposition (EVP): Begin by meticulously defining the unique value proposition your organization offers prospective employees. This surpasses compensation and benefits; it encompasses the complete employee experience, including career development opportunities, work-life integration, organizational culture, and the intrinsic value of the work itself. A persuasive EVP, effectively communicated, resonates with potential employees seeking meaningful engagement.

2. Cultivate an Exceptional Candidate Experience: Every interaction with a potential employee, from initial application to the conclusion of the interview process, contributes to their overall perception of the organization. A seamless and positive candidate experience, characterized by respect and professionalism, is crucial—even for unsuccessful candidates, as they may become influential brand ambassadors. This positive experience is vital for building a positive employer brand image and can be effectively analyzed using the service-profit chain model.

3. Align with Authentic Organizational Values: An effective employer brand must authentically reflect the organization’s core values and cultural ethos. This authenticity fosters resonance with potential employees who share these values, thereby increasing the likelihood of a positive and productive employment relationship. This alignment strengthens organizational identification and commitment, thereby reducing employee turnover, in accordance with social identity theory.

4. Leverage Digital Platforms for Strategic Brand Storytelling: Utilize social media platforms and online channels to authentically showcase the employer brand. Share employee narratives, highlight organizational culture, and promote achievements to create engaging content and build a strong online presence. This strategy aligns with the principles of integrated marketing communications, fostering a cohesive and consistent brand message across all channels.

5. Foster Employee Advocacy and Engagement: Empower current employees to become brand ambassadors. Encourage the sharing of positive experiences on social media and review platforms, recognizing that authentic employee testimonials significantly influence prospective candidates’ perceptions. High employee engagement levels are intrinsically linked to a stronger employer brand.

6. Offer Competitive Total Rewards: Attract and retain top talent by offering competitive compensation and benefits packages, regularly conducting market research to ensure the organization remains competitive. Total rewards encompass not only financial compensation but also benefits, recognition, and development opportunities, aligning with the concept of holistic reward systems.

7. Champion Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DE&I): Cultivating a diverse, equitable, and inclusive workplace is paramount for attracting and retaining a broader pool of talent. This diverse perspective fosters innovation and enhances the organization’s reputation as an employer of choice. DE&I initiatives directly impact the employer brand, contributing to its attractiveness to diverse talent pools and enhancing its reputation.

8. Invest in Employee Development and Growth: Demonstrate a commitment to employee growth by providing robust training and development opportunities. This enhances employee skills, boosts morale, and positions the organization as a leader in professional development. This aligns with human capital theory, emphasizing the importance of employee investment in enhancing productivity and value.

9. Develop a Strong Leadership Pipeline: Cultivate strong leadership by creating internal career progression paths that attract ambitious individuals seeking advancement opportunities. Effective leadership development fosters employee loyalty and commitment, contributing to a positive employer brand image.

10. Proactively Manage Online Reputation: The organization’s online presence is critical for its employer brand. Actively monitor and manage its online reputation, addressing negative feedback proactively and amplifying positive experiences. This requires a comprehensive strategy for online reputation management, aligning with principles of crisis communication and stakeholder engagement.

11. Build Strategic Partnerships: Collaborate with universities, professional organizations, and industry leaders to enhance the organization’s visibility and attract talent through established networks. This networking strategy expands the reach of employer branding efforts, increasing access to a broader pool of candidates.

12. Conduct Meaningful Exit Interviews: Conduct thorough exit interviews to gather valuable insights into employee experiences. Employee feedback provides crucial data for identifying areas of improvement and refining the employer brand strategy. This systematic approach utilizes qualitative research techniques to enhance the employer branding process.

13. Implement Continuous Measurement and Iteration: Employer brand building is an ongoing process requiring continuous measurement and adjustment based on data and feedback. Regularly measure efforts, analyze results, and adapt strategies to ensure the brand remains relevant and competitive. This continuous improvement aligns with the agile methodology.

14. Recognize the Strategic Value of Employer Branding: A strong employer brand is a strategic competitive advantage, attracting and retaining top talent who drive organizational success. The return on investment in employer branding is substantial, leading to improved organizational performance and a sustainable competitive edge.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Developing a powerful employer brand is an ongoing strategic initiative, not a one-time project, and is crucial for sustained organizational success within the competitive talent marketplace. The integration of the proposed strategies, grounded in established theoretical frameworks, provides a comprehensive approach to attracting, engaging, and retaining top talent. Continuous evaluation and iterative improvements are crucial to ensure the employer brand’s ongoing relevance and effectiveness. Future research could explore the longitudinal effects of employer branding initiatives on key organizational outcomes such as employee retention, productivity, and innovation. Employing advanced analytics and data-driven decision-making in employer branding could further amplify its effectiveness and impact. A robust methodology for analyzing the ROI of employer branding initiatives should also be developed.

Reader Pool: Considering the multifaceted nature of employer branding, what specific strategic element do you believe holds the most significant influence on cultivating a truly powerful and enduring employer brand, and why, offering a justification grounded in relevant organizational behavior theory?