132 Pages NOTES – HISTORY FORM FOUR: Ordinary Level (O-level), Secondary School – Tanzania

Table of Contents
Chapter 1. CRISES IN CAPITALIST SYSTEM …………………………………………………………. 10
1.1. First World War: Causes and impact on Africa. …………………………………………………………………………….. 10
1.1.1. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
1.1.2. CAUSES OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR ………………………………………………………………………………………. 11
1.1.3. Factors which made first world war to spread World Wide ……………………………………………………… 13
1.1.4. THE EFFECTS OF FIRST WORLD WAR IN EUROPE …………………………………………………………………….. 13
1.1.5. EFFECTS OF THE WAR ON AFRICA …………………………………………………………………………………………. 14
1.2. THE WORLD GREAT ECONOMIC DEPRESSION ………………………………………………………………………………. 16
1.2.1. The causes of Great Economic Depression …………………………………………………………………………….. 16
1.2.2. IMPACTS OF GREAT ECONOMIC DEPRESSION ON AFRICA (TANGANYIKA) ………………………………….. 17
1.2.3. The effects of Great Economic Depression on Africa had some advantages. ………………………………. 17
1.2.4. IMPACTS OF GREAT ECONOMIC DEPRESSION IN GENERAL ………………………………………………………. 17
1.2.5. IMPACTS OF GREAT DEPRESSION ON AFRICA …………………………………………………………………………. 18
1.2.6. Measure taken to overcome Great Economic Depression in the colonies. …………………………………. 19
1.2.7. THE SECOND WORLD WAR 1939 1945. ………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
1.2.8. CAUSES OF SECOND WORLD WAR ………………………………………………………………………………………… 19
1.2.9. Impacts of the second world war on Africa ……………………………………………………………………………. 22
Chapter 2. NATIONALISM AND DECOLONIZATION NATIONALISM IN AFRICA …………… 23
2.1. Nationalism in Africa ( African Nationalism) …………………………………………………………………………………. 23
2.2. IMPORTANCE OF NATIONALISM …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23
2.3. Factors which influenced Nationalism. ………………………………………………………………………………………… 23
2.3.1. Economic factors. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 23
2.3.2. Political factors. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 24
2.3.3. Social factors. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 24
2.3.4. Cultural factors. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 24
2.3.5. The role of colonialism education. ………………………………………………………………………………………… 24
2.3.6. Italy–Ethiopian conflict. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 24
2.3.7. External factors which influenced Nationalism. ………………………………………………………………………. 25
2.4. FORMS OF NATIONALISTIC STRUGGLES IN AFRICA. ……………………………………………………………………….. 26
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2.4.1. The rise of Social and Welfare Associations. …………………………………………………………………………… 26
2.4.2. REASONS FOR THE RISE OF SOCIAL AND WELFARE ASSOCIATIONS. …………………………………………… 27
2.5. The following were the forms of social and welfare Associations ……………………………………………………. 27
2.6. Factors for rise of independent churches. ……………………………………………………………………………………. 28
2.7. STRENGTH OF INDEPENDENT CHURCHES MOVEMENTS ………………………………………………………………… 28
2.8. WEAKNESS OF INDEPENDENCE CHURCHES. …………………………………………………………………………………. 29
2. WORKERS ASSOCIATION/TRADE UNIONS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 29
2.9. TRIBAL ASSOCIATIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 30
2.10. PEASANT ASSOCIATIONS ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 30
2.11. RISE OF MASS NATIONALISM AND POLITICAL PARTIES IN AFRICA …………………………………………………. 31
2.11.1. Reasons for the rise of mass nationalism ……………………………………………………………………………… 31
2.11.2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 31
2.12. POLITICAL PARTIES IN AFRICA …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32
2.12.1. The strengths of political parties in Africa …………………………………………………………………………….. 32
2.12.2. Weakness of political parties in Africa. ………………………………………………………………………………… 32
1) KANU (Kenya African Union) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 33
2.12.3. Causes of MauMau Movement …………………………………………………………………………………………… 33
2.13. Effects of MauMau Movement …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 34
2.14. Aims of MauMau Movement ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 34
2.15. Participants in MauMau Movement ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 35
2.16. Causes of MauMau Movement …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35
2.17. PROBLEMS/OBSTACLES THAT HINDERED THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE IN KENYA. ………………… 36
2.18. DECOLONIZATION PROCESS IN UGANDA ……………………………………………………………………………………. 36
2.19. Political parties in Uganda. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 37
2.20. Factors that hindered Nationalistic struggles in Uganda. ……………………………………………………………… 38
2.21. DECOLONIZATION THROUGH CONSTITUTIONAL/PEACEFUL MEANS ……………………………………………… 39
(a) TANGANYIKA (TANZANIA) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39
2.22. The problems experienced during the struggle for independence in Tanganyika …………………………….. 40
2.23. DECOLONIZATION THROUGH ARMED STRUGGLE ……………………………………………………………………….. 40
2.24. REASONS FOR THE ARMED STRUGGLE ………………………………………………………………………………………. 41
2.25. DECOLONISATION THROUGH REVOLUTION ……………………………………………………………………………….. 41
2.26. The Zanzibar Revolution. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 43
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2.27. Aims of Revolution. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 44
2.28. Causes of revolution ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 44
2.29. Main causes ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 44
2.30. Benefits of Zanzibar Revolution. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 45
2.31. Strengths of the Zanzibar Revolution…………………………………………………………………………………………. 46
2.32. Weaknesses of the Zanzibar revolution of 1964 ………………………………………………………………………….. 46
Chapter 3. PROMOTION OF AFRICAN UNITY/ AFFAIR ………………………………………….. 47
3.1. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 47
3.2. CONTRIBUTION OF PAN–AFRICANISM IN PROMOTING AFRICAN UNITY. …………………………………………. 47
3.3. TYPES OF GOVERNMENT FORMED BY POST INDEPENDENT AFRICAN COUNTRIES. ……………………………. 48
3.4. WHY POST INDEPENDENT AFRICA COUNTRIES CHANGED POLITICAL IDEOLOGY IN THEIR COUNTRIES AFTER INDEPENDENCE? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 49
3.5. MILITARY GOVERNMENT. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 49
3.6. THE REASONS WHY POST INDEPENDENT AFRICAN STATES FACED MANY MILITARY COUPS SOON AFTER INDEPENDENCE. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 50
3.6.1. Poor leadership…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 50
3.6.2. Fraud and corruption. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 50
3.6.3. Tribalism ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 50
3.6.4. Unequal sharing/ distribution of national wealth on social economic opportunities. ………………….. 50
3.6.5. Regions conflicts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 50
3.6.6. Violation of human rights …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 51
3.6.7. Political instabilities …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 51
3.6.8. Civil wars ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 51
3.6.9. External capitalist pressure/ force ………………………………………………………………………………………… 51
3.7. MONO-PARTY STATES. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 51
3.8. REASONS FOR ADOPTION OF SINGLE PARTY SYSTEM. …………………………………………………………………… 51
3.8.1. To build national unity…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 52
3.8.2. To maintain African tradition political system ………………………………………………………………………… 52
3.8.3. One party was direct democracy …………………………………………………………………………………………… 52
3.8.4. To maintain political stabilities. …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 52
3.8.5. To bring development to the people……………………………………………………………………………………… 52
3.8.6. To avoid penetration of puppet leaders. ……………………………………………………………………………….. 52
3.9. WEAKNESS OF THE ONE PARTY SYSTEM IN AFRICAN STATES AFTER INDEPENDENCE. ……………………….. 53
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3.10. WHY SINGLE PARTY SYSTEM DECLINED / COLLAPSED IN MOST AFRICAN COUNTRIES IN 1990’S? ………. 53
3.11. Multiparty system …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 53
3.12. WEAKNESS OF MULTIPARTY SYSTEM. ………………………………………………………………………………………… 55
3.13. CHANGES IN ECONOMIC AND DEVELOPMENT POLICIES IN POST INDEPENDENT AFRICAN COUNTRIES. 55
3.14. ECONOMIC PROBLEMS/ CHALLENGES THAT POST INDEPENDENCE AFRICAN COUNTRIES INHERITED FROM COLONIAL LEGACY. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 56
3.14.1. Poor economies base. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 56
3.14.2. Poverty. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 56
3.14.3. Poor industrial base. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 56
3.14.4. Poor education. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 56
3.15. STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMES (SAP’S) ……………………………………………………………………….. 56
3.16. What were the challenges in Africa that led to introduction of SAPs programs in 1980’s? ……………….. 57
3.17. THE CONDITIONS OF SAPS TO GET ASSISTANCE FROM W.B AND IMF ……………………………………………. 59
3.18. NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF SAPS. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 59
3.19. AFRICA INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL INTEGRATION ………………………………………………………………. 60
3.20. ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY (OAU) OR AFRICAN UNITY. ……………………………………………………. 61
3.21. OBJECTIVES OF OAU OR AU. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 61
3.22. ACHIEVEMENTS/ MERITS OF AU. ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 62
3.23. ECONOMIC PROBLEMS WHICH AFRICAN HAVING SINCE INDEPENDENCE ……………………………………….. 62
3.24. OBSTACLES/ CHALLENGES/ PROBLEMS OF OAU/ AU …………………………………………………………………… 63
Chapter 4. AFRICA IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS …………………………………………………. 64
4.1. CONTINENTAL COOPERATION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 64
4.2. OBJECTIVES OF ESTABLISHMENT OF CONTINENTAL COOPERATION ………………………………………………… 64
4.3. The rise of African Unity (O.A.U) …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 65
4.4. Background of O.A. U ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 65
4.5. Problems …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 65
4.6. THE OBJECTIVES OF O.A.U………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 66
4.7. Principles O.A.U ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 67
4.8. Benefits of O.A.U to Tanzania …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 67
4.9. Failure of O.A.U ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 68
4.10. The Formation of African Union (A.U) ………………………………………………………………………………………… 69
4.11. Objectives of the AU ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 69
4.12. Problems which threaten future success of AU …………………………………………………………………………… 70
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4.13. The benefits of AU to Tanzania …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 71
4.14. AFRICAN REGIONAL COOPERATION …………………………………………………………………………………………… 71
4.15. The East African Community ( EAC) …………………………………………………………………………………………… 72
4.15.1. The origin of EAC ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 72
4.15.2. Objectives of EAC………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 72
4.15.3. Achievements of EAC …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 73
4.16. The collapse of EAC …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 73
4.17. THE PRINCIPLES OF THE NEW EAC …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 74
4.18. The goals/objective of the new EAC ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 75
4.19. Areas of cooperation Among the EAC members …………………………………………………………………………. 76
4.20. Achievements of the EAC East African Community ……………………………………………………………………… 77
4.21. The challenges of EAC ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 78
4.22. THE COMMON MARKET FOR EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA ( COMESA) …………………………………… 78
4.23. Objectives of COMESA …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 79
4.24. The reasons which made Tanzania to withdraw from COMESA …………………………………………………….. 79
4.25. Problems facing COMESA …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 80
4.26. ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES ………………………………………………………………….. 81
4.27. Its aim ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 81
4.28. Organs of ECOWAS ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 81
4.29. Its members……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 82
4.30. The achievements of ECOWAS ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 82
4.31. Challenges encountered by the ECOWAS member state ……………………………………………………………… 83
4.32. The Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) ………………………………………………………………… 84
4.33. Objectives of the SADC …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 84
4.34. Achievements of the SADC ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 85
4.35. Challenges experienced by SADC member States ……………………………………………………………………….. 85
4.36. AFRICA IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 86
4.37. Types of international organizations………………………………………………………………………………………….. 86
4.38. Objectives of participating in international affair ………………………………………………………………………… 86
4.39. Africa and the UN ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 87
4.40. It’s structure/ organs of UN ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 87
4.41. Functions of the General Assembly …………………………………………………………………………………………… 88
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4.42. Functions of the security council ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 89
4.43. The international Court of Justice ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 90
4.44. The secretariat ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 90
4.45. Duties/functions of the UN Secretary General ……………………………………………………………………………. 90
4.46. The Economic and social council ( ECOSOC) ……………………………………………………………………………….. 91
4.47. Africa and The United Nations International Children’s Fund ( UNICEF) …………………………………………. 92
4.48. Africa and United Nations Educational Scientific and cultural Oraganization (UNESCO) ……………………. 93
4.49. Activities promoted by UNESCO include:- ………………………………………………………………………………….. 93
4.50. Africa and the Red Cross ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 93
4.51. Africa and the United Nations High Commission for Refugees ( UNHCR) ……………………………………….. 94
4.52. The Trusteeship council …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 95
4.53. Achievement resulting from Africa’s Participation in the UN ………………………………………………………… 95
4.54. Challenges encountered by African countries participation in the UN …………………………………………… 96
4.55. African and the Non- Aligned Movement (NAM) ………………………………………………………………………… 97
4.56. Objectives of the NAM …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 97
4.57. Achievements of African states in the NAM ……………………………………………………………………………….. 98
4.58. Problems experienced by Africa in the Non- Aligned movement …………………………………………………… 99
Chapter 5. CHANGES IN POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC POLICIES IN AFRICA AFTER INDEPENDENCE ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 101
5.1. Reasons for introduction of ideological, political and administrative changes …………………………………. 101
5.2. Political changes. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 101
1. Single party system …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 102
5.3. Reasons for the Introduction of single party system ……………………………………………………………………. 102
5.4. WEAKNESS OF THE SINGLE PARTY SYSTEM. ……………………………………………………………………………….. 103
5.5. DECLINE OF SINGLE PARTY SYSTEM IN AFRICA ……………………………………………………………………………. 103
5.6. REASONS FOR THE FALL OF MONO-PARTY SYSTEM. ……………………………………………………………………. 103
5.7. 2. Military rule/governments ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 104
5.8. Reasons for Military rule / coup d’état / political instability just few years …………………………………….. 104
5.9. WHAT WERE THE REASONS/FACTORS WHICH LED AFRICANS TO CHANGE THEIR SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC POLICIES (PROBLEMS). ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 105
5.10. POLITICAL PROBLEMS (CHALLENGES) ………………………………………………………………………………………. 105
5.10.1. CIVIL WARS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 105
5.10.2. POLITICAL INSTABILITY …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 106
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5.10.3. BORDERS CONFLICT …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 106
5.10.4. COUP D’ ETAT (Overthrown over government) …………………………………………………………………… 106
5.10.5. POOR GOVERNMENTS. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 106
5.11. ECONOMIC PROBLEMS FACING AFRICAN COUNTRIES AFTER INDEPENDENCE ……………………………….. 107
5.11.1. Poverty ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 107
5.11.2. Poor industrial base …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 107
5.11.3. Poor agricultural development………………………………………………………………………………………….. 107
5.11.4. Food storage …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 107
5.11.5. Low value of currencies ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 107
5.11.6. Poor infrastructures ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 107
5.12. FACTORS (REASONS) THAT HINDERED POLITICAL UNITY IN AFRICA ……………………………………………… 108
5.13. MEASURES/ CHANGES AND PRIORITY OF POST (NEO) INDEPENDENCE AFRICAN STATES. ………………. 110
5.14. Changes in Economic Development policies and strategies ………………………………………………………… 111
5.15. Factor that led to changes in economic development policies and strategies ……………………………….. 111
5.16. Strengths of the economic policies and strategies adopted since independence …………………………… 112
5.17. Weaknesses of economic strategies adopted in Africa since independence …………………………………. 113
5.18. Contributions of the economic strategies and policies adopted since independence …………………….. 113
5.19. SOCIAL CHANGES ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 114
5.20. Objectives of Education in Africa after Independence ……………………………………………………………….. 114
5.21. Features of Education in Africa after independence ………………………………………………………………….. 115
5.22. Objective of Health services after Independence in Africa………………………………………………………….. 115
5.23. Features of Health Services After independence ……………………………………………………………………….. 116
5.24. Strenghts of provision of health services in Africa after independence ………………………………………… 116
5.25. Objectives of provision of water services after independence…………………………………………………….. 117
5.26. Success of provision of water services after independence ………………………………………………………… 117
5.27. Weakness in the provision of health services in after independence ……………………………………………. 118
5.28. Changes in provision of water services in Africa after independence ……………………………………………. 119
5.28.1. The objectives of the provision of housing services after independence ………………………………… 119
5.29. The pattern of housing distribution after independence ……………………………………………………………. 120
5.30. The steps taken to change the colonial pattern of distribution of housing after independence in Tanzania. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 121
5.31. Challenges facing the provision of housing services after independence ………………………………………. 122
5.32. Establishment of national military and legal institutions ……………………………………………………………. 123
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5.33. The objectives of establishing national armed forces ………………………………………………………………… 123
5.34. Functions of the national armed forces ……………………………………………………………………………………. 123
5.35. Strengths of military forces after independence ……………………………………………………………………….. 124
5.36. National legal institutions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 125
5.37. Objectives of the national legal institutions ……………………………………………………………………………… 125
5.38. Functions of the national legal institutions ……………………………………………………………………………….. 126
5.39. Strengths of national legal institutions …………………………………………………………………………………….. 127
5.40. Weaknesses of the national legal institutions …………………………………………………………………………… 127
5.41. PROBLEMS HINDERING DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA AFTER INDEPENDENCE. THE AFRICAN CONTINENT HAS FACED A NUMBER OF PROBLEMS SINCE INDEPENDENCE. …………………………………………………………… 128
5.41.1. Political problem……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 128
5.41.2. Social problem ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 130
5.41.3. Economic problem…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 131
5.42. Steps taken to address African problems after independence some steps were taken to address African Problems after independence …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 131

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