Table of Contents
Chapter 1. SOURCES AND IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY ……………………………………. 5
1.1. Importance of studying history ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
1.2. TWO LEVELS OF LOOKING AT STUDYING HISTORY …………………………………………………………………. 5
1.3. SOURCES OF HISTORY ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5
1.3.1. ORAL TRADITIONAL ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6
1.3.2. HISTORICAL SITES ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7
1.3.3. ARCHAEOLOGY ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
1.3.4. ARCHIVES …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
1.3.5. MUSEUMS ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11
1.3.6. WRITTEN RECORDS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 12
1.3.7. LINGUISTICS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13
1.3.8. ADVANTAGES OF LINGUISTICS …………………………………………………………………………………….. 13
1.3.9. ANTHROPOLOGY ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 14
1.3.10. DATING HISTORICAL EVENTS …………………………………………………………………………………….. 14
Chapter 2. EVOLUTION OF MAN, TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT …………….. 18
2.1. Evolution of Man……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18
2.2. The theory of evolution of man. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 18
2.3. THE THEORY OF CREATION ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 18
2.4. THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION OF MAN ………………………………………………………………………………… 18
2.5. STAGES OF MAN’S EVOLUTION …………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
2.5.1. PRIMATES …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
2.5.2. AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICAN FAMILY …………………………………………………………………………. 20
2.5.3. Homo Erectus ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 20
2.5.4. Homo Sapiens …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21
2.6. Basic characteristics of human evolution ……………………………………………………………………………. 21
2.7. Stone age ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
2.7.1. EARLY OR OLD STONE AGE ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
2.7.2. MIDDLE STONE AGE …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 23
2.8. THE DISCOVERY OF FIRE……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 24
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2.8.1. IMPORTANCE OF FIRE TO MAN ……………………………………………………………………………………. 24
2.8.2. THE LATE STONE AGE (NEW STONE AGE) ……………………………………………………………………… 25
2.8.3. IRON AGE ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 26
Chapter 3. DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND THEIR IMPACT ……… 29
3.1. Introduction: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 29
3.2. HANDCRAFT INDUSTRIES AND MINING IN PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA. ………………………………………… 29
3.2.1. Specialized handcraft industries in Africa. …………………………………………………………………….. 29
3.3. Uses of salt ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 30
3.3.1. Methods of obtaining salt …………………………………………………………………………………………… 30
3.4. IRON INDUSTRY ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 31
3.5. COPPER MINING AND THE PROCESSING INDUSTRIES. ………………………………………………………….. 32
3.5.1. Uses of cooper…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32
3.6. Gold Mining…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 32
3.6.1. Uses of gold ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 33
3.7. POTTERY MAKING. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 33
3.8. WEAVING AND BASKETRY INDUSTRY. ………………………………………………………………………………… 34
3.9. TEXTILE PRODUCTION/CLOTH MAKING INDUSTRY. ……………………………………………………………… 34
3.10. AGRICULTURE ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 34
3.10.1. Factors that contributed to the beginning of agriculture. ……………………………………………… 35
3.10.2. Crop cultivation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 35
3.10.3. Mixed farming …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 36
3.10.4. PASTORALISM …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 37
3.11. How agriculture changed man’s life …………………………………………………………………………………. 38
3.12. TRADE IN THE PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA ………………………………………………………………………………. 38
3.12.1. METHODS OF TRADE ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 38
3.12.2. LOCAL TRADE ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 38
3.12.3. Impacts of local trade ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 39
3.12.4. REGIONAL TRADE …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 39
3.13. Impacts/ effects of regional trade. …………………………………………………………………………………… 40
3.14. TRANS SAHARAN TRADE …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 42
3.15. MOVEMENT OF TRADERS. ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 42
3.15.1. Trade routes ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 42
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3.16. THE TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 43
3.16.1. FACTORS THAT LED TO THE GROWTH OF THE TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE …………………………. 43
3.16.2. EFFECTS OF THE TRANS SAHARAN TRADE IN AFRICA ……………………………………………………. 44
3.16.3. THE DECLINE OF THE TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE ……………………………………………………………. 44
Chapter 4. DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SYSTEMS …………………… 47
4.1. KINSHIP/CLAN ORGANIZATION. …………………………………………………………………………………………. 47
4.1.1. THE FAMILY ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 47
4.1.2. THE CLAN ORGANIZATION ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 47
4.1.3. DUTIES OR FUNCTIONS OF THE CLAN HEAD ………………………………………………………………….. 47
4.1.4. Types of clan organizations in agricultural societies ……………………………………………………….. 47
4.2. AGE SET ORGANIZATION…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 48
4.2.1. Responsibilities of elders…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 49
4.3. NTEMISHIP ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 49
4.3.1. Responsibilities of the Ntemi ………………………………………………………………………………………. 49
4.3.2. Factors for the rise of the Nyamwezi Kingdom ………………………………………………………………. 50
4.4. STATE ORGANIZATION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 50
4.4.1. GENERAL FACTORS FOR STATE FORMATION …………………………………………………………………. 51
4.4.2. Types of states in Africa ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 51
4.4.3. ASANTE EMPIRE ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 52
4.5. FACTORS THAT GAVE RISE TO CENTRALIZED SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT ………………………………… 5

Editor: Melkisedeck Leon Shine

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