70 Pages NOTES – HISTORY FORM TWO: Ordinary Level (O-level), Secondary School – Tanzania

Table of Contents
Chapter 1. INTERACTIONS AMONG THE PEOPLE OF AFRICA …………………………… 6
1.1. SOCIAL INTERACTION OF AFRICAN PEOPLE BEFORE COLONIALISM …………………………………………. 6
1.2. ECONOMIC INTERACTION OF AFRICAN PEOPLE BEFORE COLONIALISM …………………………………… 9
1.2.1. METAL WORKING ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9
1.2.2. AGRICULTURE:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9
1.2.3. FISHING ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
1.2.4. TRADE ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
1.3. IMPACTS /RESULTS /EFFECTS/ CONSEQUENCES/ OUTCOMES OF THE INTERACTION OF AFRICAN PEOPLE BEFORE COLONIALISM ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11
1.3.1. SOCIAL IMPACTS OF INTERACTIONS AMONG THE PEOPLE OF AFRICA ……………………………… 11
1.3.2. THE IMPACTS OF ECONOMIC INTERACTIONS. ……………………………………………………………….. 11
1.4. THE COMING OF THE NGONI: NGONI MIGRATION ………………………………………………………………. 12
1.4.1. CAUSES OF THE NGONI MIGRATIONS …………………………………………………………………………… 13
1.4.2. EFFECTS OF NGONI MIGRATION ………………………………………………………………………………….. 15
1.5. THE RISE OF MFECANE IN SOUTH AFRICA …………………………………………………………………………… 17
1.5.1. THE REASONS OF MFECANE WARS ………………………………………………………………………………. 18
1.5.2. THE EFFECTS OF MFECANE. ………………………………………………………………………………………… 18
Chapter 2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION IN PRE COLONIAL AFRICA ………………………………………………………………………………… 19
2.1. Key concept …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
2.2. TYPES OF SOCIAL ORGANISATION PRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………. 20
2.2.1. PRIMITIVE COMMUNALISM ………………………………………………………………………………………… 20
2.2.2. SLAVERY MODE OF PRODUCTION. ……………………………………………………………………………….. 23
2.2.3. FEUDAL MODE OF PRODUCTION (FEUDALISM). …………………………………………………………….. 24
Chapter 3. AFRICA AND EXTERNAL WORLD……………………………………………….. 29
3.1. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL MOTIVES/AIMS OF THE CONTACTS BETWEEN AFRICA, MIDDLE AND FAR EAST. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 29
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3.2. EFFECTS OF EARLY TRADING CONTACT OF AFRICA AND EXTERNAL WORLD ……………………………. 31
3.2.1. ECONOMIC EFFECTS …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 31
3.2.2. SOCIAL EFFECTS. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 33
3.3. THE CONTACT BETWEEN AFRICA AND EUROPE …………………………………………………………………… 33
3.4. The Portuguese invasion. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
3.4.1. ECONOMIC MOTIVES/AIMS OF THE CONTACT BETWEEN AFRICA AND THE PORTUGUESE. …. 34
3.4.2. SOCIAL MOTIVES/AIMS ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35
3.4.3. THE PORTUGUESE EXPLOITATION RESULTED INTO DISCOVERIES OF POTENTIAL AREAS. …….. 35
3.4.4. RESISTANCES AGAINST PORTUGUESE. ………………………………………………………………………….. 36
3.4.5. THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF PORTUGUESE. …………………………………………………………………. 36
3.4.6. SOCIAL IMPACTS OF PORTUGUESE ………………………………………………………………………………. 37
3.4.7. THE REASONS FOR THE COLLAPSE OF PORTUGUESE………………………………………………………. 37
3.5. THE DUTCH SETTLEMENT AT THE CAPE. ……………………………………………………………………………… 38
3.5.1. Reasons for Dutch settlement at the cape ……………………………………………………………………. 38
3.5.2. THE EFFECTS/IMPACTS OF THE DUTCH SETTLEMENT AT THE CAPE. ………………………………… 38
3.6. THE BRITISH…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 39
3.6.1. The areas which made the British settle at the Cape were; …………………………………………….. 40
3.6.2. Effects of the British administration at the cape. …………………………………………………………… 40
3.7. THE KAFFIR WARS OR WARS OF DISPOSSESSION. ………………………………………………………………… 41
3.8. EAST AFRICA UNDER OMAN’S RULE 1840. ………………………………………………………………………….. 42
3.8.1. MOTIVES/AIMS OF OMAN ARABS IN EAST AFRICA. ……………………………………………………….. 42
3.8.2. WHY SULTAN SEYYID SAID SHIFTED HIS CAPITAL FROM MUSCAT OMAN TO ZANZIBAR ………. 43
3.8.3. IMPACTS OF OMAN ARABS (SULTAN) DOMINATION IN EAST AFRICA. A: ECONOMIC IMPACTS. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 43
3.9. THE HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA ………………………………………………………………………………………… 44
3.10. Early inhabits of South Africa …………………………………………………………………………………………… 44
3.11. SLAVE TRADE IN INDIAN OCEAN SEA BOARD. ……………………………………………………………………. 45
3.11.1. REASONS FOR THE EXPANSION OF THE INDIAN OCEAN SLAVE TRADE ……………………………. 45
3.11.2. EAST AFRICA SLAVE TRADE ROUTE CHARACTERISTICS OF SLAVE TRADE. ………………………… 46
3.11.3. HOW SLAVE TRADE EMERGED …………………………………………………………………………………… 47
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3.11.4. Stages in the development of slave trade …………………………………………………………………… 47
3.11.5. HOW SLAVE TRADE WERE ORGANIZED IN INDIAN OCEAN SEA BOARD. ………………………….. 48
3.11.6. HOW SLAVES WERE OBTAINED (TECHNIQUES USED TO OBTAIN SLAVES) ……………………….. 48
3.11.7. IMPACTS OF SLAVE TRADE IN INDIAN OCEAN SEA BOARD. …………………………………………… 49
3.11.8. THE CARAVAN/ROUTES. ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 49
3.11.9. THE TRIANGULAR SLAVE TRADE ………………………………………………………………………………… 50
3.11.10. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED THE TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE. ………………………………. 52
3.11.11. RESULTS OF TRANS – ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE ECONOMIC RESULTS. …………………………….. 52
Chapter 4. INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM ………………………………………………………… 54
4.1. TRANSITION TO INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM. ………………………………………………………………………….. 54
4.2. Agents of industrial capitalism; …………………………………………………………………………………………. 54
4.2.1. MISSIONARIES …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 55
4.2.2. EXPLORERS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 55
4.2.3. TRADERS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 56
4.3. The impacts of industrial capitalism in Africa: ……………………………………………………………………… 58
4.3.1. Political effects ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 58
4.3.2. Social effects …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 58
4.3.3. Economic effects. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 58
4.4. THE ABOLITION OF SLAVE TRADE. ……………………………………………………………………………………… 59
4.4.1. The reasons for the abolition of slave trade in Africa……………………………………………………… 59
4.4.2. Methods/ tactics/ Techniques/ ways used in abolition of slave Trade in Africa. ………………… 61
4.4.3. The effects of the Abolition of Slave Trade. …………………………………………………………………… 61
4.5. ABOLITION OF SLAVE TRADE IN EAST AFRICA. …………………………………………………………………….. 63
4.5.1. The MORESBY treaty of 1822: ……………………………………………………………………………………… 63
4.5.2. The HAMERTON treaty of 1845: ………………………………………………………………………………….. 63
4.5.3. 3rd The FRERE treaty of 1873: ……………………………………………………………………………………… 63
4.6. The delay in the abolition of slave trade …………………………………………………………………………….. 64
4.7. THE BRITISH AT THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE …………………………………………………………………………. 64
4.7.1. MOTIVES FOR THE BRITISH INTEREST IN THE CAPE: ……………………………………………………….. 65
4.7.2. TACTICS USED BY THE BRITISH TO OCCUPY THE CAPE: …………………………………………………… 65
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4.8. THE GREAT BOERS TREK OR THE AFRIKANER EXODS IN SOUTH AFRICA. …………………………………. 66
4.8.1. The reasons for Great Boer Trek were ………………………………………………………………………….. 66
4.8.2. Impacts/effects of Great Boer Trek. …………………………………………………………………………….. 67
4.8.3. THE ANGLO-BOER WARS …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 67
4.8.4. THE PRETORIA CONVENTION OF 1881 …………………………………………………………………………. 68
4.8.5. The second Anglo-Boers war of 1899-1902. ………………………………………………………………….. 68
4.9. MINERAL REVOLUTION IN SOUTH AFRICA. …………………………………………………………………………. 69
4.9.1. EFFECTS OR IMPACTS OF MINERAL REVOLUTION ………………………………………………………….. 70

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