123 Pages NOTES – HISTORY FORM THREE: Ordinary Level (O-level), Secondary School – Tanzania

Table of Contents
Chapter 1. ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIALISM THE SCRAMBLE FOR AND PARTITION OF AFRICA ………………………………………………………………………. 7
1.1. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7
1.2. REASONS BEHIND THE SCRAMBLE FOR AND PARTITION OF AFRICA………………………………… 7
1.3. Reasons for some areas in Africa to experience more intensive scramble than others during scramble and partition of Afica ………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
1.4. THE IMPACT OF THE SCRAMBLE FOR AND PARTITION OF AFRICA …………………………………. 11
1.5. THE BERLIN CONFERENCE [1884-1885] ……………………………………………………………………… 12
1.5.1. The resolutions [agreements] of the Berlin conference [the principles reached] ………. 12
1.5.2. SIGNIFICANCES OF BERLIN CONFERENCE …………………………………………………………….. 13
1.6. EFFECT OF PARTITION OF EAST AFRICA ……………………………………………………………………… 13
1.7. STEPS WHICH WERE TAKEN IN THE PARTITION OF AFRICA …………………………………………… 15
1.8. Anglo-Germany treaty of 1886. ………………………………………………………………………………… 15
1.8.1. The Anglo-Germany agreement or the Helgoland treaty of 1890. …………………………… 15
1.8.2. Anglo-Germany treaty of 1890 …………………………………………………………………………… 16
1.9. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIALISM COLONIAL CONTROL AND AFRICAN REACTION ….. 16
1.10. INTRODUCTION TO COLONIALISM ………………………………………………………………………….. 16
1.11. METHODS/TACTICS/ WAYS OF ESTABLISHING/IMPOSING COLONIAL RULE ………………….. 17
1.11.1. THE DIPLOMACY METHOD [THE SIGNING OF TREATIES ……………………………………….. 18
1.11.2. MILITARY CONQUEST/USE OF FORCE ………………………………………………………………… 18
1.11.3. ALLIANCE OR COLLABORATION…………………………………………………………………………. 19
1.12. AFRICAN REACTION AGAINST IMPOSITION OF COLONIAL RULE ………………………………….. 19
1.12.2. COLLABORATION/ ALLIANCE …………………………………………………………………………….. 20
1.12.3. RESISTANCE ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 22
1.13. MAJI MAJI WAR/ RESISTANCE/UPRISING 1905-1907 …………………………………………………. 39
1.13.1. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39
1.13.2. THE CAUSES OF THE MAJI MAJI RESISTANCE ………………………………………………………. 40
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1.13.3. The agreements reached during the Anglo-Germany treaty of 1886. ……………………. 42
1.13.4. Causes and effects of the Majimaji uprising to the people of Tanganyika. ……………… 42
1.13.5. REASONS FOR THE FAILURE / DEFEAT OF MAJI MAJI RESISTANCE. ………………………… 45
1.14. MAU MAU UPRISING WAR 1945-1952. ……………………………………………………………………. 46
1.14.1. THE AIM OF THE MAUMAU WAR/ UPRISING ……………………………………………………… 46
1.14.2. CAUSES/ REASONS OF MAU MAU RESISTANCE …………………………………………………… 47
1.14.3. THE EFFECTS / IMPACTS OF THE MAU MAU ……………………………………………………….. 48
1.14.4. CONTRIBUTION OF MAU MAU WAR TO KENYANS INDEPENDENCE ………………………. 49
1.15. STATE OF EMERGENCY OF KENYA IN 1952 ……………………………………………………………….. 50
1.15.1. MEASURES TAKEN DURING THE STATE OF EMERGENCY ………………………………………. 50
1.15.2. RESULTS WHICH OCCURRED AFTER STATE OF EMERGENCY IN KENYA. ………………….. 50
1.16. REACTION AGAINST IMPOSITION OF COLONIAL RULE IN WEST AFRICA ……………………….. 51
1.16.1. REACTION/ RESISTANCE AGAINST FRENCH INVASION SENEGAMBIA …………………….. 52
1.16.2. SAMOURI TOURE [MANDIKA] RESISTANCE OR REACTION AGAINST FRENCH INVASION IN GUINEA/ MANDIKA STARTED 1891-1898 …………………………………………………………………… 53
1.16.3. REACTION OR RESISTANCE AGAINST BRITISH IN NIGERIA. ……………………………………. 56
1.16.4. REFERENCE: JAJA OF OPOBO RESISTANCE AND ASHANTI RESISTANCE …………………… 56
1.16.5. ASHANTI AND FANTE REACTION AGAINST BRITISH RULE IN COAST OF NIGERIA ……… 58
1.17. REACTIONS/ RESISTANCE AGAINST IMPOSITION OF COLONIAL RULE IN CENTRAL AFRICA 60
1.17.1. THE J.S MOFFAT TREATY ………………………………………………………………………………….. 61
1.17.2. THE RUDD CONCESSION…………………………………………………………………………………… 61
1.17.3. BRITISH OCCUPATION / CONTROL OVER THE SHONA AND NDEBELE TERRITORIES AS REACTION OF THE CHIMULENGA WAR ………………………………………………………………………….. 62
1.17.4. SHONA AND NDEBELE WAR OR CHIMULENGA WAR 1896-1897……………………………. 62
1.17.5. NAMA AND HERERO RESISTANCE IN NAMIBIA [1904-1907]. ………………………………… 65
1.17.6. ETHIOPIAN RESISTANCE [1889-1913] ………………………………………………………………… 66
1.18. REACTIONS AGAINST IMPOSITION OF COLONIAL RULE IN NORTH AFRICA……………………. 66
1.18.1. ETHIOPIAN RESISTANCE IN 1889 TO 1913 ………………………………………………………….. 66
1.19. WHY THE AFRICAN RESISTANCE WAS FAILED? ………………………………………………………….. 68
1.20. WHAT WERE THE SIGNIFICANCES/ IMPORTANCE OF EARLY AFRICAN RESISTANCE? ……… 69
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Chapter 2. COLONIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS BACK GROUND OF THE COLONIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS. ………………………………………………. 70
2.1. REASONS WHY COLONIALISTS INTRODUCED DIFFERENT ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS AFTER THE ESTABLISHMENT COLONIAL RULE. …………………………………………………………………………….. 70
2.2. TYPES/FORMS OF COLONIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS ADOPTED IN AFRICA ………………. 71
2.2.1. DIRECT RULE …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 71
2.2.2. INDIRECT RULE …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 72
2.2.3. ASSIMILATION POLICY ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 72
2.2.4. ASSOCIATION POLICY ………………………………………………………………………………………… 72
2.3. INDIRECT RULE ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 73
2.3.1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 73
2.3.2. FEATURES/ CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIRECT RULE ………………………………………………… 73
2.3.3. WHY BRITISH USED/ APPLIED INDIRECT RULE? …………………………………………………….. 74
2.3.4. APPLICATION OF INDIRECT RULE IN NIGERIA BY LORD FREDRIC LUGARD………………… 76
2.3.5. Failure of indirect rule in Southern Nigeria …………………………………………………………… 77
2.3.6. WHY LORD FREDRICK LUGARD APPLIED /PREFERED APPLICATION OF INDIRECT RULE IN THE BRITISH COLONIES ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 77
2.3.7. STRUCTURE OF THE BRITISH INDIRECT RULE ………………………………………………………… 78
2.3.8. PROBLEMS/ CHALLENGES BRITISH FACED IN IMPLEMENTING THE USE OF INDIRECT RULE SYSTEM IN NIGERIA. ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 79
2.3.9. INDIRECT RULE SYSTEM IN TANGANYIKA …………………………………………………………….. 80
2.4. THE DIRECT RULE SYSTEM………………………………………………………………………………………… 82
2.4.1. THE BRITISH DIRECT RULE IN ZIMBABWE [SOUTHERN RHODESIA]. …………………………. 83
2.5. WHAT WERE THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INDIRECT AND DIRECT RULE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 86
2.5.1. SIMILARITIES ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 86
2.5.2. DIFFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 86
2.6. ASSIMILATION AND ASSOCIATION POLICY BY FRENCH. ……………………………………………….. 87
2.6.1. Assimilation policy…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 87
2.6.2. ASSOCIATION POLICY IN FRENCH COLONIES. ……………………………………………………….. 91
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2.6.3. ASSOCIATION POLICY AGAINST ASSIMILATION POLICY. …………………………………………. 92
2.6.4. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN ASSIMILATION POLICY AND ASSOCIATION POLICY ……………… 92
2.6.5. Similarities / comparisons between indirect rule and assimilation policy …………………. 93
2.7. COLONIAL MILITARY AND LEGAL INSTITUTIONS. ………………………………………………………… 95
2.7.1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 95
2.7.2. Meaning of colonial military. ……………………………………………………………………………… 95
2.7.3. FUNCTIONS OF COLONIAL MILITARY FORCES ……………………………………………………….. 95
2.7.4. COLONIAL LEGAL INSTITUTIONS. ………………………………………………………………………… 96
Chapter 3. COLONIAL ECONOMY …………………………………………………….. 100
3.1.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF COLONIAL ECONOMY ………………………………………………………. 100
3.1.2. OBJECTIVES OF COLONIAL ECONOMY ……………………………………………………………….. 101
3.1.3. METHODS USED TO ESTABLISH COLONIAL ECONOMY …………………………………………. 101
3.1.4. WHY DID COLONIALISTS USED PRESERVATION METHOD / PRESERVED SOME TRADITIONAL AFRICAN ECONOMIC SYSTEMS. ……………………………………………………………… 102
3.2. SECTORS OF COLONIAL ECONOMY AND THE SPECIFICATION [SPECIFIC AREAS WHERE IT WAS PRACTICED]. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 103
3.3. TYPES OF AGRICULTURE INTRODUCED IN AFRICA DURING COLONIAL ECONOMY. ………… 103
3.3.1. PEASANT AGRICULTURE …………………………………………………………………………………… 104
3.3.2. SETTLER ECONOMY …………………………………………………………………………………………. 107
3.3.3. PLANTATION ECONOMY IN TANGANYIKA…………………………………………………………… 109
3.4. MINING ECONOMY ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 109
3.4.1. EFFECTS OF MINING ECONOMY ………………………………………………………………………… 110
3.5. COLONIAL LABOUR ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 111
3.5.1. Types of Colonial labour. ………………………………………………………………………………….. 111
3.5.2. Tactics used to create colonial labour………………………………………………………………… 112
3.5.3. Impacts of Colonial Labour in Africa ………………………………………………………………….. 113
3.5.4. HOW THESE FACILITATED THE EXPLOITATION OR HOW THE INFRASTRUCTURE WERE USED ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 115
Chapter 4. COLONIAL SOCIAL SERVICES …………………………………………….. 117
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4.1. COLONIAL EDUCATION ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 117
4.1.1. The aims of colonial education in African societies ……………………………………………… 117
4.1.2. Features of Colonial Education. ………………………………………………………………………… 117
4.1.3. Impact of Colonial Education. …………………………………………………………………………… 118
4.2. Motive for Provision of Water and Housing Services. ………………………………………………… 119
4.2.1. Distribution pattern of water and housing services …………………………………………….. 119
4.2.2. Impact of the provision of colonial water and housing services. ……………………………. 120
4.3. COLONIAL HEALTH SERVICE ……………………………………………………………………………………. 120
4.3.1. Objectives of the colonial health services …………………………………………………………… 121
4.3.2. Features of colonial health services …………………………………………………………………… 121
4.3.3. The impact of colonial health services. ………………………………………………………………. 121
4.4. Other social services were such as; …………………………………………………………………………. 122
4.5. COMMERCE AND TRADE ………………………………………………………………………………………… 122
4.5.1. Characteristics of colonial trade ……………………………………………………………………….. 122
4.6. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION DURING COLONIAL PERIOD ………………………………. 123