15 Proven Strategies to Conquer Anxiety and Stress

In today’s fast-paced world, anxiety and stress are prevalent challenges affecting many. These feelings, if left unchecked, can significantly impact mental and physical health. Fortunately, numerous effective strategies can help you regain control and cultivate a more balanced life. This article explores fifteen practical techniques to alleviate anxiety and manage stress effectively.

1. Harness the Power of Deep Breathing: Deep breathing techniques activate the body’s relaxation response, a natural antidote to anxiety. Inhale deeply, hold for a few seconds, and exhale slowly and completely. Repeat this several times daily, particularly during stressful moments. This simple practice can significantly reduce feelings of overwhelm.

2. Unleash the Stress-Busting Benefits of Exercise: Physical activity is a potent stress reliever. Exercise releases endorphins, natural mood boosters that combat anxiety and improve overall well-being. Whether it’s a brisk walk, a yoga class, or a dance session, find an activity you enjoy and make it a regular part of your routine.

3. Schedule Dedicated Relaxation Time: Carve out specific time each day for relaxation. This could involve reading, taking a warm bath, meditating, or listening to calming music. Prioritize activities that promote inner peace and tranquility. Regular relaxation significantly reduces stress hormone levels.

4. Embrace the Present with Mindfulness: Mindfulness involves focusing on the present moment without judgment. Engage in mindful activities like mindful eating or walking. Even simply observing your thoughts without reacting can reduce anxiety and improve self-awareness. This cultivates a calmer, more centered state of mind.

5. Set Realistic and Achievable Goals: Feeling overwhelmed by an endless to-do list fuels anxiety. Break down large tasks into smaller, manageable steps. Prioritize essential tasks and celebrate each accomplishment. This fosters a sense of control and reduces the pressure of unattainable goals.

6. Prioritize Sleep for Optimal Well-being: Insufficient sleep exacerbates anxiety and stress. Aim for 7-8 hours of quality sleep nightly. Establish a calming bedtime routine, create a conducive sleep environment, and avoid screen time before bed. Adequate rest is crucial for both physical and mental restoration.

7. Moderate Caffeine Consumption: While caffeine provides a temporary energy boost, excessive intake can heighten anxiety. Limit your caffeine consumption or opt for decaffeinated alternatives to promote a more balanced mood and reduce jitters.

8. Cultivate a Strong Support System: Surround yourself with positive and supportive people who offer encouragement and understanding. Sharing feelings and experiences with trusted friends or family members can alleviate stress and reduce feelings of isolation.

9. The Power of Regular Breaks: Prevent burnout by incorporating regular breaks throughout your day. A short walk, stretching, or a moment of quiet reflection can significantly improve focus and reduce stress. These short respites can revitalize your energy and enhance productivity.

10. Practice Gratitude for a Positive Outlook: Daily reflection on things you’re grateful for shifts your focus from stressors to the positive aspects of your life. This simple practice fosters happiness and well-being, improving your overall outlook.

11. Limit Exposure to Overwhelming News: Constant exposure to negative news can heighten anxiety. While staying informed is important, set boundaries and take breaks from the news cycle to avoid feeling overwhelmed by negativity.

12. Seek Professional Guidance When Needed: If anxiety and stress persist despite your efforts, don’t hesitate to consult a mental health professional. They can provide personalized strategies, support, and therapeutic interventions tailored to your specific needs.

13. Master Time Management Techniques: Effective time management is crucial for stress reduction. Prioritize tasks, set realistic deadlines, and break down large projects into manageable steps. This enhances organization and reduces feelings of being overwhelmed.

14. Immerse Yourself in Enjoyable Hobbies: Dedicate time to activities you love. Hobbies provide a valuable distraction from stress and anxiety, promoting relaxation and a sense of accomplishment. Engaging in pleasurable activities boosts mood and reduces stress hormones.

15. Learn the Art of Saying No: Setting boundaries and saying no when necessary is essential for self-care. Recognize your limitations and prioritize your well-being. It’s perfectly acceptable to decline additional responsibilities that could lead to overwhelm.

By incorporating these strategies into your daily life, you can effectively reduce anxiety and manage stress. Remember, self-care is a journey, not a destination. Find what resonates with you, be patient with yourself, and don’t hesitate to seek professional help when needed. Prioritizing your mental well-being is an investment in a happier, healthier you.

Conquering Anxiety and Stress: A Multifaceted Approach to Cultivating Well-being

In contemporary society, anxiety and stress represent prevalent challenges impacting both psychological and physiological well-being. Untreated, these conditions can significantly compromise an individual’s quality of life. This article presents a comprehensive framework for mitigating anxiety and stress, integrating evidence-based techniques to foster a more balanced and tranquil existence. Key concepts discussed include the relaxation response (Benson, 1975), the stress-buffering effects of social support (Cohen & Wills, 1985), and the principles of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) (Beck, 1976).

1. Optimizing the Relaxation Response: The Efficacy of Deep Breathing Exercises

Deep breathing techniques directly engage the autonomic nervous system, activating the relaxation response, a physiological state characterized by decreased heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle tension. This counteracts the physiological effects of the stress response. The practice of diaphragmatic breathing, involving slow, deep inhalations and exhalations, can significantly reduce anxiety symptoms. This technique is readily applicable in daily life, particularly during stressful encounters. Consistent practice, even for brief periods throughout the day, enhances its effectiveness. Regular engagement with mindful breathing exercises has been shown to promote a sense of calm and reduce the physiological markers of stress.

2. Harnessing the Physiological Benefits of Physical Activity

Regular physical activity serves as a potent stress buffer. Exercise stimulates the release of endorphins, endogenous opioids with mood-elevating properties. Furthermore, physical activity provides a valuable outlet for pent-up energy and tension, promoting both physical and mental well-being. The selection of physical activity should align with individual preferences and capabilities; the key is consistent engagement. Studies consistently demonstrate the positive correlation between regular exercise and reduced symptoms of anxiety and depression. Applying this principle, individuals should incorporate at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week, as recommended by public health guidelines.

3. Prioritizing Restorative Activities: The Importance of Relaxation and Self-Care

Scheduling dedicated relaxation time is crucial for stress management. This involves engaging in activities that promote mental and physical restoration, such as meditation, progressive muscle relaxation, or engaging in hobbies. The concept of self-compassion, recognizing the inherent value of oneself, becomes particularly important during these periods of intentional relaxation. By actively prioritizing these activities, individuals reinforce self-care, and reduce the cumulative effects of chronic stress. This concept draws upon the self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000), which emphasizes the importance of autonomy, competence, and relatedness in fostering well-being.

4. Cultivating Mindfulness: Anchoring in the Present Moment

Mindfulness-based interventions, grounded in Buddhist principles, teach individuals to focus attention on the present moment without judgment. This practice cultivates awareness of thoughts, feelings, and bodily sensations without emotional reactivity. Mindfulness meditation, for instance, can be integrated into daily routines, creating a buffer against stressful stimuli. Mindfulness practices help regulate emotional responses, reducing the impact of stressful events through increased self-awareness and emotional regulation skills. Applying this in daily life means incorporating moments of mindful awareness throughout the day, such as paying attention to the sensory experience of eating or walking.

5. Strategic Goal Setting and Task Management: Combating Overwhelm

Overwhelm is often a significant contributor to stress and anxiety. Applying time management techniques and breaking down large tasks into smaller, manageable components promotes a sense of control and accomplishment. This principle aligns with the concept of self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977), where a belief in one’s capability to execute behaviors necessary to produce desired outcomes plays a crucial role in stress management. Prioritization matrices, such as the Eisenhower Matrix (urgent/important), help individuals allocate time effectively, reducing feelings of being overwhelmed and enhancing productivity.

6. Prioritizing Sleep Hygiene: The Foundation of Physiological Restoration

Sleep deprivation significantly exacerbates anxiety and stress. Maintaining adequate sleep (7-8 hours per night) is paramount for both physical and mental health. Establishing a consistent sleep schedule, creating a conducive sleep environment, and practicing good sleep hygiene—avoiding caffeine and screens before bed—are crucial components. Sleep is vital for the body’s restorative processes and impacts cognitive function, emotional regulation, and immune response, making it a key element in stress management.

7. Optimizing Caffeine Intake: Balancing Energy with Anxiety Levels

While caffeine can provide a temporary energy boost, excessive consumption can exacerbate anxiety symptoms. Moderation is key; individuals should monitor their caffeine intake and consider reducing or eliminating it entirely if experiencing anxiety. This is an example of a behavioral modification strategy aimed at reducing an environmental trigger that might intensify anxiety. Substituting caffeinated beverages with calming alternatives, such as herbal teas, can contribute to a more balanced emotional state.

8. Leveraging Social Support: The Protective Effects of Strong Relationships

Strong social connections are critical for stress resilience. Sharing thoughts and feelings with trusted individuals helps to normalize experiences and build emotional support. Social support acts as a buffer against stress, providing a sense of belonging and reducing feelings of isolation. This aligns with the social support theory, which highlights the protective role of social connections in mitigating stress and enhancing mental health. Actively nurturing relationships and seeking support from family, friends, or support groups is a proactive step in managing anxiety.

9. Strategic Breaks and Restorative Practices: Preventing Burnout and Enhancing Focus

Regular breaks are essential for maintaining productivity and preventing burnout. Short breaks throughout the day allow for mental and physical rejuvenation, enhancing concentration and reducing stress. These breaks should include activities that promote relaxation, such as stretching, mindful breathing, or a brief walk outdoors. The concept of restorative pauses, aligned with the conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989), emphasizes the replenishment of personal resources to prevent depletion and promote resilience.

10. Practicing Gratitude: Cultivating a Positive Mindset

Regularly focusing on positive aspects of one’s life can shift perspective and improve overall well-being. Gratitude journaling, expressing appreciation to others, or reflecting on positive experiences are effective methods for cultivating a positive emotional state. This positive psychology approach redirects focus from stressors to appreciation, fostering resilience and reducing the impact of negative emotions. Gratitude interventions are associated with improved mental health outcomes.

11. Managing Information Consumption: Protecting Mental Space

Excessive exposure to negative news and information can significantly contribute to anxiety. Individuals should consciously limit their exposure to news and social media, particularly during periods of heightened stress. This concept relates to information overload and its impact on cognitive processing and emotional well-being. Setting boundaries around news consumption, selectively choosing trusted sources, and incorporating periods of digital detox can help protect mental health.

12. Seeking Professional Guidance: Accessing Personalized Support

Persistent or overwhelming anxiety warrants professional help. A mental health professional can provide evidence-based interventions, such as CBT or mindfulness-based therapies, tailored to individual needs. This is especially important if self-help strategies prove ineffective. Early intervention in seeking professional assistance leads to improved treatment outcomes and recovery.

13. Effective Time Management Strategies: Gaining Control Over One’s Schedule

Effective time management is a cornerstone of stress reduction. Using planning tools, prioritizing tasks based on urgency and importance, and setting realistic deadlines reduce feelings of being overwhelmed. These strategies directly address the root cause of much stress—a sense of lack of control. Techniques like the Pomodoro Technique or time blocking can improve focus and enhance productivity, minimizing stress levels associated with feeling overwhelmed.

14. Engaging in Meaningful Activities: The Benefits of Hobbies and Leisure

Participating in enjoyable activities provides a crucial respite from stress. These activities serve as valuable buffers against daily stressors, fostering relaxation and a sense of accomplishment. Engagement in hobbies aligns with the concept of flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990), an optimal state of experience characterized by immersion and enjoyment, promoting well-being and reducing stress.

15. Establishing Healthy Boundaries: The Importance of Self-Assertion

Setting boundaries is essential for self-care. This involves assertively communicating personal limits and declining requests that compromise well-being. This aspect of self-care, often overlooked, is crucial in managing stress by preventing overcommitment and maintaining a sense of control. Boundary setting is a key aspect of self-advocacy, protecting mental and physical well-being.

Conclusions and Recommendations

This article has presented a multi-faceted approach to managing anxiety and stress, emphasizing both psychological and physiological strategies. The effectiveness of these techniques rests upon consistent practice and self-awareness. The integration of these strategies, tailored to individual needs and preferences, represents a proactive and sustainable approach to promoting well-being. Further research could explore the long-term effects of combining these interventions, the optimal sequencing of these techniques, and the effectiveness of digital interventions for anxiety management.

Reader Pool: What are your experiences with applying these stress-reduction techniques, and what additional strategies have you found to be most effective in managing anxiety?

Optimizing Sleep Hygiene: A Multifaceted Approach to Restorative Sleep

Achieving optimal sleep is paramount for overall well-being, impacting cognitive function, mood regulation, and physical health. However, modern lifestyles often disrupt the sleep-wake cycle, leading to sleep deficiency. This article outlines a comprehensive strategy for improving sleep hygiene, incorporating elements of chronobiology, environmental psychology, and relaxation techniques to cultivate a restorative bedtime routine. Key concepts explored include circadian rhythm regulation, environmental sleep factors, and stress reduction methodologies.

1. Circadian Rhythm Synchronization: Establishing a Consistent Sleep Schedule. The human body operates on an internal biological clock known as the circadian rhythm, which governs sleep-wake cycles. Maintaining a consistent sleep schedule, including weekends, strengthens this rhythm, promoting regular sleep onset and offset. This aligns with the principles of chronotherapy, a treatment method that involves manipulating sleep timing to adjust the circadian rhythm. Inconsistent sleep patterns disrupt the circadian rhythm, leading to sleep fragmentation and reduced sleep quality.

2. Environmental Optimization: Creating a Conducive Sleep Environment. The bedroom environment significantly impacts sleep quality. This concept is supported by principles of environmental psychology which emphasize the impact of the physical environment on human behavior and well-being. A dark, quiet, and comfortably cool bedroom optimizes the conditions for sleep onset and maintenance. Reducing light exposure, minimizing noise, and controlling temperature are crucial aspects of this strategy.

3. Minimizing Light Exposure: Implementing a Gradual Dimming Protocol. Reducing light exposure one hour before bedtime is crucial. Bright light, particularly blue light from electronic devices, suppresses melatonin production, a hormone essential for sleep regulation. This approach is based on the understanding of the impact of light on the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the brain’s primary circadian pacemaker. A gradual dimming of lights mimics the natural transition to darkness, signaling the body to prepare for sleep.

4. Digital Detoxification: Eliminating Blue Light Exposure. The blue light emitted from electronic devices significantly interferes with melatonin production and circadian rhythm regulation. Therefore, a digital detox at least 30 minutes before bedtime is highly recommended. The concept of blue light’s impact on sleep has been extensively documented in the scientific literature, highlighting the need for its avoidance prior to sleep.

5. Cognitive Downregulation: Engaging in Relaxing Pre-Sleep Activities. Engaging in relaxing activities before bed helps transition the mind into a restful state. Reading a calming book or listening to soothing music promotes cognitive downregulation, reducing mental arousal and anxiety. This aligns with stress reduction techniques focusing on diverting attention from stimulating activities towards more peaceful and calming ones.

6. Pharmacological Assistance (with caution): Utilizing Calming Beverages and Aromatherapy. Certain herbal teas, such as chamomile or lavender, can have mild sedative effects and promote relaxation. Similarly, aromatherapy using lavender or other calming essential oils can create a peaceful ambiance. However, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional before using any herbal remedies, especially if you have underlying medical conditions. The use of these substances should be considered within the framework of complementary therapies, rather than primary sleep interventions.

7. Somatic Relaxation: Incorporating Physical Relaxation Techniques. A warm bath helps lower core body temperature, a physiological cue that facilitates sleep. Gentle stretching or yoga can relieve muscle tension, promoting physical relaxation and preparing the body for sleep. These techniques are based on the concept of promoting parasympathetic nervous system activity, counteracting the effects of stress and promoting a state of physiological calm.

8. Mindfulness and Meditation: Practicing Stress Reduction Techniques. Mindfulness and meditation techniques are effective in managing stress and anxiety, which often interfere with sleep. These practices help quiet the mind, reduce racing thoughts, and promote a state of calm conducive to sleep. These techniques are rooted in the principles of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and have shown efficacy in managing insomnia and improving sleep quality.

9. Emotional Processing: Utilizing Journaling to Manage Stress. Journaling can serve as a tool for emotional processing, allowing individuals to unload stressful thoughts and anxieties before bed. This process of emotional regulation helps reduce mental clutter and facilitates a more peaceful sleep. This approach recognizes the link between emotional processing and sleep, showing that unresolved emotional issues can negatively affect sleep.

10. Ergonomic Optimization: Investing in Supportive Bedding. A comfortable mattress, pillows, and bedding are crucial for promoting quality sleep. The right support reduces pressure points and ensures proper spinal alignment during sleep, optimizing sleep quality. This aligns with ergonomic principles, focusing on optimizing the work and rest environment for maximum comfort and support.

11. Dietary Management: Avoiding Heavy Meals and Stimulants Before Bed. Heavy meals, caffeine, and alcohol close to bedtime disrupt sleep architecture. Consuming lighter, easily digestible foods and avoiding stimulants several hours before bedtime helps maintain a more restful sleep. This approach acknowledges the impact of gut health and metabolic processes on sleep quality.

12. Sensory Regulation: Utilizing Ambient Sounds or Aromatherapy. Ambient noise or bright light can interfere with sleep. Using white noise machines or relaxing music can mask disruptive sounds, while aromatherapy diffusers provide a calming scent profile. This strategy addresses the importance of sensory factors and environmental control in optimizing sleep conditions.

13. Light Control: Implementing Light Blocking Measures. For individuals sensitive to light, blackout curtains or eye masks help create a dark and peaceful sleep environment, promoting melatonin secretion and enhancing sleep quality. This focuses on the importance of reducing light exposure, a key factor affecting circadian rhythm function.

14. Behavioral Modification: Gradual Sleep Restriction. For individuals with insomnia, cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) may be helpful. This therapy focuses on addressing maladaptive behaviors and thoughts that contribute to sleep problems.

15. Professional Consultation: Seeking Guidance from Sleep Specialists. If sleep problems persist despite implementing these strategies, seeking professional help from a sleep specialist or physician is crucial. They can help diagnose underlying sleep disorders and recommend appropriate treatment options.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Establishing a consistent and effective bedtime routine is a multifaceted process that requires careful consideration of various biological, psychological, and environmental factors. This article offers a comprehensive framework, integrating concepts from chronobiology, environmental psychology, and stress management to optimize sleep hygiene. Implementing the strategies outlined here can significantly improve sleep quality, leading to enhanced cognitive function, improved mood, and better overall physical health. Further research could explore the efficacy of different combinations of these strategies for various demographics and sleep disorders, focusing on personalized interventions and technological advancements in sleep monitoring and optimization. Future studies should also assess the long-term effects of these strategies on health outcomes and well-being.

Reader Pool: Considering the multifaceted nature of sleep optimization outlined in this article, what other factors, beyond those discussed, do you believe significantly contribute to achieving restorative sleep?

Enhancing Exercise Adherence: Fifteen Evidence-Based Strategies for Optimizing Enjoyment and Motivation

Sustained engagement in physical activity remains a significant challenge for many individuals. This article proposes fifteen evidence-based strategies to improve exercise adherence, applicable across diverse populations and fitness levels. The strategies presented draw upon established theoretical frameworks, including Self-Determination Theory (SDT), Goal-Setting Theory, the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change (TTM), Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), and principles of environmental and behavioral psychology, to foster intrinsic motivation and sustained behavioral change.

1. Goal Setting and Self-Efficacy Enhancement: The application of Goal-Setting Theory is paramount. Employing the SMART framework (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound) allows for the creation of attainable objectives, promoting a sense of accomplishment with each milestone achieved. Regular progress tracking, coupled with appropriately timed rewards, reinforces positive behaviors and strengthens self-efficacy, a key predictor of long-term adherence according to SCT. This systematic approach ensures that goals remain motivating and attainable, avoiding feelings of failure which can hinder continued participation.

2. Optimizing the Exercise Environment: Environmental psychology principles underscore the importance of manipulating the physical setting to enhance engagement. Varying exercise locations (indoors/outdoors), incorporating preferred music (enhancing positive affect as per SDT), and minimizing distractions, promote a more enjoyable and sustainable exercise experience. This approach recognizes the influence of the environment on motivation and behavior, directly impacting adherence rates.

3. Leveraging Social Support and Competition: Social Cognitive Theory highlights the role of social support in behavior change. Participating in group exercise classes or team sports provides opportunities for social interaction, enhancing motivation through shared goals and accountability. The inherent competitive aspect of many activities fosters a sense of achievement and strengthens intrinsic motivation.

4. Skill Development and Mastery Experiences: SDT emphasizes the importance of competence in fostering intrinsic motivation. Learning new skills through activities like dance, martial arts, or specialized fitness classes provides opportunities for mastery experiences. The sense of accomplishment derived from skill acquisition strengthens self-esteem and encourages continued participation.

5. Diversifying Exercise Modalities: Preventing boredom through exercise variety is crucial. Incorporating diverse activities such as strength training, yoga, swimming, and hiking prevents habituation and caters to evolving interests and fitness preferences. This approach is aligned with the principles of stimulus variation within exercise programming, which can counteract the tendency for adherence to decline with repetitive routines.

6. Technology Integration for Motivation and Feedback: Fitness tracking apps and wearable technology offer personalized feedback, gamification, and progress monitoring. These tools provide immediate reinforcement, fostering a sense of achievement and competition, aligning with principles of behavioral economics and operant conditioning. The data-driven approach allows for individualized adjustments and reinforces adherence through tangible progress representation.

7. Strategic Reinforcement and Reward Systems: Operant conditioning principles suggest that rewarding desired behaviors increases their likelihood of recurrence. Implementing a system of post-exercise rewards, such as a healthy meal or a relaxing activity, reinforces the positive association with exercise, promoting continued engagement.

8. Prioritizing Exercise Through Scheduling and Time Management: Treating exercise appointments as non-negotiable commitments aligns with the planning stages of the TTM. Scheduling workouts at optimal times, and treating them with the same importance as any other crucial appointment, reinforces their value and increases the likelihood of adherence.

9. Mindfulness and Present Moment Awareness: Incorporating mindfulness techniques during exercise enhances the experience by promoting present moment awareness and reducing negative self-talk. This promotes a more positive perception of the activity itself and reduces stress, thereby improving adherence by enhancing the overall enjoyment of exercise.

10. Self-Monitoring and Exercise Logging: Regularly tracking exercise progress provides valuable insights into individual responses and enables adjustments to the program as needed. This self-monitoring component fosters awareness, promotes accountability, and facilitates effective program modification based on individual needs.

11. Cultivating Intrinsic Motivation: Focusing on the inherent enjoyment and health benefits of exercise shifts the focus from external pressures to internal satisfaction, leading to long-term adherence. Choosing activities based on personal preferences and enjoyment is key to fostering intrinsic motivation.

12. Building a Supportive Social Network: Engaging workout partners or joining fitness communities fosters accountability, encouragement, and motivation. The shared experience and mutual support provided by a strong social network significantly enhance long-term commitment.

13. Seeking Professional Guidance: Consulting a certified fitness professional offers personalized guidance, injury prevention strategies, and program design tailored to individual needs and goals. This expertise increases the likelihood of successful and sustainable adherence.

14. Public Acknowledgement and Celebration of Milestones: Publicly recognizing achievements, regardless of size, boosts self-efficacy and reinforces positive behavior patterns. Sharing successes within support networks provides social reinforcement and enhances motivation.

15. Utilizing Habit Formation Techniques: Applying principles of habit formation, such as consistent scheduling and creating strong environmental cues associated with exercise, can automate adherence over time. Habit stacking, where exercise is linked to pre-existing routines, further reinforces consistent engagement.

Conclusions and Recommendations: Successful exercise adherence necessitates a holistic approach that integrates psychological, social, and environmental factors. The strategies outlined, grounded in established behavioral theories and models, provide a framework for optimizing enjoyment and fostering intrinsic motivation. Future research should investigate the long-term efficacy of these combined strategies across diverse populations, considering cultural nuances and technological advancements. The development of personalized interventions tailored to specific individual needs and barriers, leveraging technology and fostering strong support networks, holds significant promise for improving public health by increasing physical activity levels. A crucial aspect of this research should focus on translating these strategies into scalable, cost-effective interventions applicable to various settings, including community-based programs and public health initiatives.

Reader Pool: Considering the multifaceted nature of exercise adherence, what additional factors beyond those discussed might significantly influence the success of these strategies in achieving and maintaining long-term physical activity?