Unlocking Africa’s Potential: Cultivating a Collective Positive Mindset for Sustainable Development

Sustainable development in Africa is intrinsically linked to the collective mindset of its population. This article examines the cultivation of a positive mindset across the continent, emphasizing its crucial role in fostering unity and driving socioeconomic progress. We will define and apply key concepts—positive psychology, self-efficacy (Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory), social capital, human capital theory, social identity theory, cultural intelligence, social network theory, Schumpeterian theory of innovation, organizational learning theory, and gender mainstreaming—within diverse African contexts, illustrating their practical applications through real-world examples and case studies.

1. Building Human Capital through Education and Skill Development: Human capital theory posits that investments in education and vocational training are paramount drivers of economic growth. Equipping individuals with the necessary knowledge and skills fosters active participation in the economy and society. Case studies demonstrating the impact of successful educational reforms and skill-building initiatives on economic development in specific African nations will highlight the tangible benefits of this approach. For instance, analyzing the success of vocational training programs linked to specific industry needs in Rwanda could showcase a quantifiable impact on employment rates and GDP growth.

2. Fostering Self-Efficacy and Collective Agency: Self-efficacy, as defined by Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory, is the belief in one’s ability to succeed. Promoting self-efficacy—through opportunities for skill development, celebrating achievements, and nurturing supportive environments—is crucial for both individual and collective growth. Empowerment theory underscores the importance of enabling individuals to control their lives. Examples of successful capacity-building and mentorship programs across Africa will illustrate the effectiveness of these strategies. A detailed case study examining a successful mentorship program in Nigeria aimed at empowering young women entrepreneurs could demonstrate a direct correlation between enhanced self-efficacy and entrepreneurial success.

3. Harnessing the Power of Networks and Collaboration: Social network theory emphasizes the vital role of social connections in knowledge sharing, resource mobilization, and collective action. Building strong networks among entrepreneurs, innovators, and leaders accelerates progress. The examination of successful pan-African collaborations—for example, in technology, agriculture, or healthcare—will highlight the power of collaborative networks in driving innovation and economic growth. A comparative analysis of successful pan-African agricultural cooperatives could demonstrate the effectiveness of collaborative networks in increasing productivity and market access for smallholder farmers.

4. Promoting Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: Schumpeterian theory of innovation highlights the role of entrepreneurs in driving economic dynamism. Fostering an entrepreneurial mindset, through business incubators, access to finance, and supportive policies, stimulates economic growth and job creation. Analyzing the success stories of African entrepreneurs and their contribution to economic development provides compelling evidence of this relationship. A comparative analysis of the support systems provided to entrepreneurs in different African countries could reveal best practices and areas for improvement.

5. Deconstructing Limiting Narratives and Promoting Authentic African Identity: Social identity theory emphasizes the powerful role of group identity in shaping self-esteem and motivation. Actively dismantling negative stereotypes requires promoting accurate and diverse representations of African cultures and achievements. Highlighting successful African businesses and initiatives counters harmful narratives and builds social capital. A detailed analysis of media campaigns aimed at changing perceptions of Africa, measuring their impact on investment and tourism, would provide empirical evidence of their effectiveness.

6. Leveraging Cultural Diversity for Social Cohesion and Innovation: Africa’s rich cultural diversity is a significant asset. Promoting intercultural understanding and collaboration through inclusive policies and cultural exchange programs strengthens social capital and fosters innovation. Cultural intelligence, the ability to adapt effectively to diverse cultural settings, is crucial for maximizing the benefits of this diversity. Case studies of successful pan-African initiatives leveraging cultural diversity for innovation in areas like technology, the arts, or fashion could be used to illustrate this concept. For instance, analyzing the success of a pan-African fashion show that showcases diverse African designs and promotes cross-cultural collaboration could demonstrate the economic and social benefits of cultural diversity.

7. Enhancing Adaptability and Resilience through Continuous Learning: Organizational learning theory underscores the importance of continuous adaptation to changing environments. In a rapidly changing world, adaptability is crucial. Lifelong learning, combined with embracing new technologies, builds resilience and enhances capacity for seizing new opportunities. Analyzing successful examples of African communities adapting to climate change or technological shifts—such as the adoption of mobile banking in Kenya—could provide valuable insights into building resilience.

8. Promoting Gender Equality for Inclusive Development: Gender mainstreaming, the integration of gender equality into all aspects of policy and programming, is essential for unlocking Africa’s full potential. Empowering women and girls through access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities is crucial for sustainable development. Case studies showcasing successful initiatives promoting gender equality and their impact on development outcomes in specific African countries—such as the impact of women’s land ownership on agricultural productivity—would illustrate this point.

9. The Psychology of Positive Mindset and its Socioeconomic Impact: Positive psychology, focusing on strengths and well-being, is fundamental. A positive mindset—characterized by optimism, resilience, and self-efficacy—transforms challenges into opportunities. Research demonstrating the correlation between positive emotions and innovative problem-solving supports this. A case study examining entrepreneurial success in a specific African region, correlating positive mindset attributes with business outcomes, would provide empirical evidence for this concept. For example, a study comparing entrepreneurial success rates between entrepreneurs exhibiting high levels of optimism and resilience versus those with lower levels in a specific region of South Africa could be insightful.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Cultivating a positive mindset is not merely aspirational but a strategic necessity for Africa’s sustainable development. Integrating positive psychology principles with targeted investments in education, infrastructure, and social programs can significantly impact economic growth, social equity, and political stability. Future research should focus on developing culturally sensitive interventions to enhance self-efficacy and collective agency across diverse African communities. Rigorous evaluations of the long-term impact of positive mindset initiatives on key development indicators are crucial. Strengthening pan-African collaborations and fostering effective partnerships with international organizations are essential for maximizing the impact of these efforts. The successful implementation of these strategies will be instrumental in Africa’s transformation into a prosperous and equitable continent. A longitudinal study tracking the impact of a comprehensive development program incorporating positive psychology principles across multiple African countries could provide valuable data for informing future policy decisions.

Reader Pool: Considering the intricate interplay of social, economic, and cultural factors influencing development in Africa, what innovative strategies can best harness the power of a collective positive mindset to achieve truly sustainable and inclusive progress across the continent?

Unlocking Africa’s Potential: Cultivating a Collective Positive Mindset for Sustainable Development

Sustainable development in Africa is inextricably linked to the collective psychological disposition of its population. This article explores the cultivation of a positive mindset across the continent, emphasizing its crucial role in fostering social cohesion and driving socioeconomic progress. We will define and apply key concepts within diverse African contexts, illustrating their practical applications through real-world examples and case studies. These concepts include: positive psychology (the study of human flourishing and optimal functioning), self-efficacy (Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory, emphasizing the belief in one’s capabilities), social capital (the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively), human capital theory (the economic value of a worker’s experience and skills), social identity theory (Tajfel’s theory explaining the formation of in-groups and out-groups based on social categorization), cultural intelligence (the capability to function effectively in culturally diverse settings), social network theory (examining the structure and function of social relationships), Schumpeterian theory of innovation (highlighting entrepreneurship as a driver of economic growth), organizational learning theory (focused on the processes by which organizations acquire, share, and utilize knowledge), and gender mainstreaming (integrating gender equality into all aspects of development).

1. Promoting Gender Equality for Inclusive Development: Gender mainstreaming, a crucial element of sustainable development, necessitates integrating gender equality into all policy and program design. Empowering women and girls through equitable access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities is paramount for inclusive growth. This aligns with human capital theory, as investment in women’s human capital yields significant returns. A successful example is the impact of land ownership programs targeted at women in Rwanda, demonstrably increasing agricultural productivity and household incomes. These outcomes can be quantitatively analyzed through econometric models, comparing pre- and post-intervention data on agricultural yields and income levels.

2. Harnessing the Power of Networks and Collaboration: Social network theory posits that strong social connections are vital for knowledge dissemination, resource mobilization, and collective action. Building robust networks among entrepreneurs, innovators, and leaders accelerates development. Pan-African collaborations in sectors like technology and agriculture showcase the power of networked structures. For instance, analyzing the success of agricultural cooperatives across East Africa, focusing on factors like information sharing and access to markets, demonstrates the positive impact of network effects on productivity and profitability. This can be measured through comparative analysis of cooperative and non-cooperative farming operations.

3. Building Human Capital through Education and Skill Development: Human capital theory underscores that investment in education and vocational training is a primary driver of economic growth. Providing individuals with relevant skills enhances economic participation and societal contributions. Successful educational reforms in several African nations, such as the emphasis on STEM education in South Africa, demonstrate a positive correlation between human capital development and economic growth. This impact can be assessed by comparing economic indicators like GDP growth rates and employment levels in regions with varying levels of educational investment.

4. Fostering Self-Efficacy and Collective Agency: Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory highlights the importance of self-efficacy—the belief in one’s capabilities—for individual and collective progress. Empowerment initiatives, capacity-building programs, and mentorship schemes foster self-efficacy and enhance collective agency. Analyzing successful mentorship programs targeting female entrepreneurs in Nigeria, for example, can demonstrate a strong correlation between enhanced self-efficacy and entrepreneurial success rates, measured through business survival rates and profitability.

5. Promoting Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: Schumpeterian theory emphasizes the role of entrepreneurship in driving economic dynamism. Fostering an entrepreneurial environment through business incubators, access to finance, and supportive policies stimulates growth and job creation. Case studies highlighting successful African entrepreneurs, like those in the technology sector in Kenya, illustrate the impact of entrepreneurial activity on economic development. A comparative analysis of business support systems across various African nations can reveal best practices and areas for policy improvement. This can utilize qualitative and quantitative methods, including surveys, interviews, and statistical analysis of entrepreneurial activity rates.

6. Leveraging Cultural Diversity for Social Cohesion and Innovation: Africa’s diverse cultures represent a significant asset. Promoting intercultural understanding and collaboration strengthens social capital and fuels innovation. Cultural intelligence, the ability to navigate diverse cultural settings effectively, is crucial. Successful pan-African initiatives that leverage cultural diversity—for example, in the arts and fashion industries—demonstrate economic and social benefits. These benefits can be analyzed through qualitative studies of cultural exchange programs and quantitative analyses of the economic impact of culturally diverse businesses.

7. Enhancing Adaptability and Resilience through Continuous Learning: Organizational learning theory stresses the importance of continuous adaptation to change. Lifelong learning and technological adoption build resilience and create opportunities. The adoption of mobile banking in Kenya exemplifies the capacity of African communities to adapt to technological advancements. This adaptation can be measured through surveys assessing adoption rates, user satisfaction, and the impact on financial inclusion.

8. Deconstructing Limiting Narratives and Promoting Authentic African Identity: Social identity theory reveals the impact of group identity on self-esteem and motivation. Countering negative stereotypes requires showcasing African achievements and promoting accurate representations. This involves building social capital through positive narratives in media and other platforms. Measuring the impact of such campaigns on foreign direct investment and tourism can provide empirical evidence of effectiveness.

9. The Psychology of Positive Mindset and its Socioeconomic Impact: Positive psychology emphasizes strengths and well-being. A positive mindset—characterized by optimism, resilience, and self-efficacy—transforms challenges into opportunities. Research on the link between positive emotions and problem-solving supports this. A case study comparing entrepreneurial success rates between entrepreneurs exhibiting high versus low levels of optimism and resilience in a specific African region can provide empirical evidence. This can employ quantitative methods, like surveys assessing psychological traits and correlating them with business outcomes.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Cultivating a positive mindset is not simply aspirational; it’s a strategic imperative for Africa’s sustainable development. Integrating positive psychology principles with targeted investments in human capital, infrastructure, and social programs will significantly impact economic growth, social equity, and political stability. Future research should prioritize the development of culturally sensitive interventions that enhance self-efficacy and collective agency. Longitudinal studies tracking the impact of positive mindset initiatives on key development indicators are crucial. Strengthening pan-African collaborations and building effective partnerships with international organizations are vital for maximizing impact. The successful implementation of these strategies will contribute significantly to Africa’s transformation into a prosperous and equitable continent. A comprehensive, multi-methodological approach involving qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis is recommended for future research, incorporating diverse perspectives and incorporating rigorous evaluation frameworks to measure impact and effectiveness. The insights gained can inform policy recommendations and contribute to the design of more effective development strategies.

Reader Pool: Considering the complex interplay of social, economic, and cultural factors shaping development in Africa, how can a collective positive mindset be effectively leveraged to advance sustainable and inclusive progress across the continent, accounting for the inherent diversity and specific contexts within different regions?

Empowering African Transformation: Strategies for Socioeconomic Advancement

This article analyzes strategies for positive societal transformation in Africa, focusing on mindset shifts and the application of developmental theories to achieve sustainable progress. Central to this analysis are several key concepts. Self-efficacy theory (Bandura) highlights the belief in one’s ability to succeed, a crucial element for individual and collective advancement. Modernization theory examines societal transitions from traditional to modern structures, offering a framework for understanding development pathways. Dependency theory provides a critical perspective on external influences impacting African development, while the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide a comprehensive framework for integrated progress across economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Finally, the concept of social capital underscores the importance of strong social networks and trust in achieving collective goals. These theories and models provide a robust analytical lens for evaluating potential strategies.

Sustainable socioeconomic advancement demands a multifaceted approach addressing historical legacies, fostering human capital, and leveraging Africa’s unique strengths. The following strategies, presented in a logical and interconnected sequence, propose a pathway to a more prosperous and equitable future.

1. Strengthening Governance and Institutional Capacity: Effective governance is foundational. Applying principles of New Institutional Economics, building strong, transparent, and accountable institutions is paramount. This ensures equitable resource allocation, reduces corruption, and fosters trust, creating an environment conducive to sustainable development. This includes strengthening the rule of law and promoting good governance at all levels.

2. Investing in Human Capital Development: Significant investment in quality education and lifelong learning, informed by Human Capital Theory, is crucial. This includes equitable access to education at all levels, emphasizing STEM fields and vocational training aligned with market demands. This investment empowers individuals, boosts productivity, and fosters innovation, directly contributing to economic growth and social mobility. Specific attention should be paid to addressing gender disparities in education and employment.

3. Reframing Historical Narratives and Fostering National Identity: Reinterpreting historical narratives, using frameworks from Social Identity Theory, is crucial for fostering national unity and self-efficacy. Acknowledging past injustices while celebrating indigenous achievements and cultural diversity cultivates a positive national identity, combating the lingering effects of colonial narratives and promoting social cohesion. This promotes a sense of shared purpose and collective agency.

4. Cultivating an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: Fostering entrepreneurship through supportive policies, access to finance, and mentorship programs is vital. This aligns with Schumpeter’s theory of creative destruction, promoting innovation, job creation, and economic diversification. A business-friendly environment reduces reliance on traditional sectors, fostering dynamic and sustainable economic growth. Incubators and accelerators can play a significant role in nurturing nascent businesses.

5. Harnessing Technological Advancements: Bridging the digital divide through increased access to technology and digital literacy programs, guided by the Diffusion of Innovations Theory, is crucial. This facilitates innovation across sectors, improves healthcare, education, and governance, and creates new economic opportunities. Strategic technology adoption can significantly accelerate development and improve service delivery.

6. Responsible Resource Management and Sustainable Development: Africa’s abundant natural resources offer immense potential, but sustainable management is crucial. Aligning with the SDGs ensures environmentally sound practices, prioritizing equitable benefit sharing and long-term development. This includes promoting renewable energy sources and responsible mining practices.

7. Promoting Regional Integration and Collaboration: Pan-African collaboration, based on Regionalism and Integration Theory, is essential to address shared challenges and leverage economies of scale. Promoting regional trade, knowledge sharing, and joint infrastructure projects enhances the continent’s collective bargaining power and fosters sustainable development. This requires strong regional institutions and coordinated policy-making.

8. Empowering Women and Promoting Gender Equality: Gender equality is paramount for inclusive development. Gender and Development Theory highlights the importance of empowering women through education, economic opportunities, and political participation. This is crucial not only for social justice but also for economic growth and overall societal progress. Addressing gender-based violence and harmful cultural practices is also essential.

9. Addressing Dependency and Promoting Self-Reliance: Reducing external dependency and fostering self-reliance, a key tenet of Dependency Theory, is vital. This involves diversifying economies, developing local industries, and strengthening regional partnerships to reduce vulnerability to external shocks and promote sustainable growth. This requires strategic industrial policy and investment in domestic capabilities.

10. Building Strong Social Capital: Promoting social cohesion, trust, and strong community networks—as described by Social Capital Theory—is crucial for building resilience and fostering cooperation. Strong social capital facilitates collective action, improves governance, and contributes to overall societal well-being. This requires investing in community development initiatives and promoting social inclusion.

11. Celebrating African Successes and Inspiring Future Generations: Showcasing African success stories in innovation, entrepreneurship, and leadership fosters a positive narrative, inspiring future generations and countering negative stereotypes. This reinforces belief in African potential and encourages aspiration.

12. Fostering a Culture of Innovation and Adaptability: Embracing a mindset of continuous improvement and adaptation, as informed by Organizational Learning Theory, is crucial. Supporting innovation and creative problem-solving enables Africa to navigate challenges and adapt to a rapidly evolving global landscape. This includes investing in research and development and fostering a culture of experimentation.

Conclusions and Recommendations: Transforming Africa necessitates a holistic approach integrating economic, social, and political reforms. The strategies outlined above provide a roadmap for achieving sustainable development. Future research should focus on empirically evaluating the effectiveness of these strategies in diverse African contexts, analyzing policy impacts through rigorous quantitative and qualitative methods, and exploring innovative solutions to persistent challenges. Continuous monitoring and evaluation using robust data collection and analysis are vital. Success hinges on the collective commitment of African leaders, institutions, citizens, and the international community. The transition to self-reliance, leveraging Africa’s abundant resources, is achievable through strategic planning and collaborative action.

Reader Pool: Considering the interconnectedness of the proposed strategies, what synergistic approaches could maximize their impact and address potential trade-offs in achieving sustainable socioeconomic advancement in Africa?

Empowering African Transformation: Strategies for Sustainable Socioeconomic Advancement

This article explores strategies for sustainable socioeconomic advancement in Africa, integrating established development theories and contemporary models to foster positive societal transformation. Key theoretical underpinnings include self-efficacy theory, which posits that an individual’s belief in their capacity to succeed is crucial for achieving goals; modernization theory, which examines the transition from traditional to modern societies; and dependency theory, which analyzes the impact of external forces on development trajectories. The framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provides a comprehensive blueprint for integrated progress. Furthermore, the concepts of social capital (the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively) and human capital theory (which emphasizes the role of education and skills in economic growth) are central to our analysis. We will also draw upon concepts from New Institutional Economics, Schumpeter’s theory of creative destruction, Diffusion of Innovations Theory, Regionalism and Integration Theory, Gender and Development Theory, Social Identity Theory, and Organizational Learning Theory to inform our strategic recommendations.

Sustainable socioeconomic advancement demands a holistic approach that acknowledges historical contexts, cultivates human capital, and leverages Africa’s unique strengths. The following strategies, presented in a logical sequence, offer a roadmap toward a more prosperous and equitable future.

1. Building Robust Governance and Institutional Frameworks: Effective governance, transparency, and accountability are fundamental prerequisites for sustainable development. Applying principles from New Institutional Economics, the establishment of strong, ethical institutions ensures equitable resource allocation and fosters public trust. This reduces corruption, enhances the legitimacy of governing bodies, and creates a stable environment conducive to investment and growth, thus attracting foreign direct investment and solidifying the rule of law.

2. Investing in Human Capital: A Catalyst for Growth: Significant investment in high-quality education and lifelong learning is paramount. This requires ensuring equitable access to education at all levels, complemented by skill development programs aligned with evolving technological and economic landscapes. Human capital theory underscores the critical role of education and skills in driving economic growth. Prioritizing education also promotes gender equality, leading to increased female participation in the workforce and broader social equity.

3. Cultivating a Thriving Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: Fostering entrepreneurship through supportive policies, access to finance, and robust mentorship programs is essential. This stimulates innovation, generates employment opportunities, and diversifies the economy. A business-friendly environment, guided by Schumpeter’s theory of creative destruction, reduces dependence on traditional sectors, promoting sustainable economic growth. Incubator and accelerator programs can further enhance this ecosystem.

4. Leveraging Technological Advancements: Bridging the Digital Divide: Addressing the digital divide through improved access to technology and comprehensive digital literacy programs is crucial. This facilitates innovation, improves healthcare and education delivery, strengthens governance, and creates new economic opportunities, aligning with the Diffusion of Innovations Theory. Strategic technology adoption accelerates economic growth and societal development, particularly in sectors such as mobile banking and agricultural technology.

5. Responsible Resource Management: Balancing Development and Sustainability: Africa’s abundant natural resources present both opportunities and challenges. Sustainable resource management, prioritizing environmental protection and equitable benefit sharing, is crucial for long-term development. Alignment with the SDGs ensures environmentally sound practices that contribute to both social and economic progress. This includes responsible mining practices and sustainable agricultural techniques.

6. Strengthening Regional Integration and Collaboration: A Collective Approach: Pan-African collaboration is vital for addressing shared challenges and realizing economies of scale. Promoting regional trade, knowledge sharing, and collaborative infrastructure projects enhances the continent’s collective bargaining power and fosters sustainable development, according to Regionalism and Integration Theory. This leads to larger markets and reduced transaction costs.

7. Empowering Women: An Economic and Social Imperative: Gender equality is fundamental for inclusive development. Empowering women through education, economic opportunities, and political participation is not only a matter of social justice but also represents a significant economic imperative, as highlighted by Gender and Development Theory. This contributes to societal progress.

8. Reframing Narratives: Building National Identity and Self-Efficacy: Reinterpreting historical narratives to cultivate a sense of collective identity and national pride is essential. This involves acknowledging past injustices while celebrating indigenous achievements and cultural diversity. A more accurate and positive portrayal of African history strengthens self-efficacy and national unity, countering the negative impacts of colonial narratives and fostering social cohesion, as explained by Social Identity Theory.

9. Promoting Self-Reliance: Reducing External Dependence: Minimizing external dependence and fostering self-reliance is crucial. This necessitates diversifying economies, developing local industries, and strengthening regional partnerships to reduce vulnerability to external shocks and promote sustainable growth, addressing core concerns of Dependency Theory. Strategic industrial policies and investments in local value chains are essential.

10. Strengthening Social Capital: The Foundation of Collective Action: Promoting social cohesion, trust, and strong community networks builds resilience and fosters cooperation. Strong social capital facilitates collective action, improves governance, and enhances overall societal well-being (Social Capital Theory). Community development initiatives and civic engagement programs can cultivate this vital resource.

11. Showcasing Success: Inspiring Future Generations: Highlighting African successes inspires future generations. Showcasing innovation, entrepreneurship, and leadership promotes a positive narrative and fosters hope. This counters negative stereotypes and reinforces belief in African potential through targeted media campaigns and educational programs.

12. Fostering a Culture of Innovation and Adaptability: Embracing Change: Embracing continuous improvement and adaptation is vital. Supporting innovation and creative problem-solving enables Africa to navigate challenges and adapt to a rapidly changing global landscape (Organizational Learning Theory). This necessitates investment in research and development and a supportive regulatory environment.

Conclusions and Recommendations: Achieving transformative change in Africa requires a holistic approach that integrates economic strategies with social and political reforms. The outlined strategies offer a pathway to sustainable development. Future research should rigorously evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies in diverse African contexts, analyzing policy impacts and exploring innovative solutions tailored to specific challenges. Continuous monitoring and evaluation, employing robust methodologies, are crucial for ensuring accountability and maximizing impact. Success depends on the commitment of African leaders, institutions, and citizens. A paradigm shift from dependence to self-reliance, leveraging Africa’s human and natural capital, is essential for building a prosperous and equitable future. Policy recommendations should prioritize targeted investments in education and infrastructure, coupled with reforms that promote good governance and attract responsible foreign direct investment. A comprehensive framework for prioritizing and sequencing these strategies, considering potential interdependencies and conflicts, is needed for effective implementation. This framework should incorporate scenario planning to anticipate and mitigate potential risks and leverage emerging opportunities.

Reader Pool: Given the complexities of implementing these multifaceted strategies, how can we best leverage data analytics and predictive modeling to inform policy decisions and track progress towards achieving sustainable socioeconomic advancement in Africa?